Section V Cardiac Radiology
|
|
- Rudolf Hart
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Section V Cardiac Radiology Figure Based on the diagram (Figure 1), which of the following vessels typically supplies the anterolateral cardiac segment? A. Left anterior descending B. Circumflex artery C. Right coronary artery D. Posterior descending artery You are shown a segmental diagram of the heart with anatomic labels. A: The left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior and anteroseptal cardiac segments. B: The circumflex artery supplies the anterolateral and inferolateral cardiac segments. C: The right coronary artery supplies the inferolateral and inferior cardiac segments. D: The posterior descending artery supplies the inferior cardiac segment.
2 Horizontal long axis MIP Figure What is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis (Figure 2)? A. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum B. Sinus venosus atrial septal defect C. Septum primum atrial septal defect D. Septum secundum atrial septal defect Horizontal long axis MIP from a contrast-enhanced cardiac CT scan shows a defect high in the interatrial septum consistent with a sinus venosus atrial septal defect. A: The image shows an abnormal connection between the superior aspect of the right atrium and the left atrium, consistent with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. A small amount of fat is present in the interatrial septum and can be a normal finding. When lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum is present, there is sparing of the fossa ovalis. However, the fossa ovalis is more centrally located in the interatrial septum. B: The image shows an abnormal connection between the superior aspect of the right atrium and the left atrium, consistent with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. C: The image shows an abnormal connection between the superior aspect of the right atrium and the left atrium, consistent with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Septum primum defects are located close to the atrioventricular valve plane. D: The image shows an abnormal connection between the superior aspect of the right atrium and the left atrium, consistent with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Septum secundum atrial septal defects are located at the foramen ovale.
3 Transverse FDG-PET CT image Figure Based on the findings shown in the CT image (Figure 3), what is the next BEST step in the patient s management? A. Coronary artery bypass grafting B. Coronary artery angioplasty C. Medical management D. Coronary artery stenting Transverse image from an FDG-PET CT scan shows absence of uptake in the anteroseptal and septal portions of the left ventricular myocardium, consistent with transmural infarct. A: Coronary artery bypass grafting would not improve cardiac function based on the image provided as there is no viable myocardium in the affected area. B: Percutaneous coronary intervention would not improve cardiac function based on the image provided as there is no viable myocardium in the affected area. C: Medical management to optimize the patient's cardiac function is this patient's best choice as surgical or percutaneous intervention would offer no benefit. D: Percutaneous coronary intervention would not improve cardiac function based on the image provided as there is no viable myocardium in the affected area.
4 Figure What abnormality is depicted in this CT image (Figure 4)? A. Pulmonary agenesis B. Pulmonic stenosis C. Absent pericardium D. SVC thrombus Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest reveals lung tissue interposed between the aorta and the main pulmonary artery. Because this area is intrapericardial (superior pericardial recess), this finding can only be seen in the absence of the pericardium. A: Pulmonary agenesis refers to the absence of the lung, and its bronchial and vascular supply. In the setting of pulmonary agenesis, there is resultant shift of the mediastinum to the affected side. The right pulmonary artery is not visualized on this image because it is more superiorly located compared to the left pulmonary artery. The other findings of pulmonary agenesis are not present. B: Pulmonic stenosis results in dilatation of the left pulmonary artery, which is thought to be secondary to the effect of the jet of blood coursing through the stenotic pulmonary valve. The right pulmonary artery is typically spared since it arises at an angle from the main pulmonary artery whereas the left pulmonary artery continues in line with the main pulmonary artery. The main pulmonary artery and left pulmonary artery are normal in caliber in this case. C: In patients with congenital absence of the pericardium there are indirect cross-sectional imaging findings that can lead to the diagnosis. If the sternopericardial ligaments are absent, the heart is mobile and falls towards the left hemithorax. Lung tissue becomes interposed between the aorta and the main pulmonary artery, as in this example, replacing the superior aortic recess of the pericardial sac. If the defect is small, the left atrial appendage may herniate through the defect causing it to extend beyond the mediastinal margin. D: The apparent filling defect in the superior vena cava is secondary to the mixing of opacified and unopacified blood. This is a common artifact and should not be mistaken for thrombus.
5 Lateral chest radiograph Figure What is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis (Figure 5)? A. Right aortic arch with mirror image branching B. Left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery C. Pulmonary artery sling D. Double aortic arch On this lateral chest radiograph, there is anterior displacement and bowing of the trachea by a mediastinal opacity occupying Raider triangle, the clear space above the aortic arch bordered by the vertebral column and posterior to the trachea and esophagus. A: The abnormality shown in the chest radiograph is caused by the aberrant course of a subclavian artery. In patients with a left aortic arch with normal origin of the great vessels or in patients with a right aortic arch with mirror image branching, the great vessels do not cause this appearance. B: This is the most common of the aortic arch vessel anomalies. In these cases, the right subclavian artery does not arise from the innominate artery but originates as the last branch from the aortic arch. The aberrant subclavian then takes a retroesophageal route to its destination. The aberrant right subclavian artery frequently arises from a dilated segment of the proximal descending aorta, the diverticulum of Kommerell, which can be mass-like on conventional radiography. C: This abnormality occurs when the left main pulmonary artery arises from the right pulmonary artery instead of originating from the main pulmonary artery. The left pulmonary artery courses cephalad to the right mainstem bronchus, and travels between the trachea and esophagus to supply the left lung. On barium esophagram, the aberrant left pulmonary artery causes an anterior impression on the midesophagus. The abnormality in this case lies at and above the aortic arch whereas the pulmonary arteries lie below the aortic arch. D: The classic double aortic arch anatomy develops when involution of the distal right fourth arch does not take place. The right and left aortic arches encircle the trachea and esophagus. Double aortic arch is better appreciated on the PA chest radiograph.
6 Figure What is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis (Figure 6)? A. Teratoma B. Lipoma C. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum D. Liposarcoma Axial contrast-enhanced CT image of the heart shows increased fat attenuation within the interatrial septum with sparing of the fossa ovalis. A: Cardiac teratomas are usually large tumors and are rare. B: Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) has a characteristic location and dumbbellshaped appearance. It does not represent a discrete lipoma as it lacks a capsule. Histologically, LHIS is composed of brown fat and may be hypermetabolic on PET. Intracardiac lipomas do not typically involve the interatrial septum. C: Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is not a true neoplasm and histologically consists of nonencapsulated brown fat. LHIS is typically located in the interatrial septum, sparing the fossa ovalis, which causes a characteristic dumbbell-shaped appearance. D: Liposarcomas are rare tumors that usually fill the entire cardiac chamber. Often these tumors present with localized invasion of neighboring structures, demonstrate mass effect and localized metastasis.
7 Figure What abnormality is shown on this reconstructed CT image (Figure 7)? A. Truncus arteriosus B. Diverticulum of Kommerell C. Patent ductus arteriosus D. Aortic coarctation There is a vascular structure connecting the inferior aspect of the posterior aortic arch and the main pulmonary artery consistent with a patent ductus arteriosus. A: The image shows a connection between the posterior aortic arch and the main pulmonary artery consistent with patent ductus arteriosus. In truncus arteriosus, there is a single great vessel which is located over a ventricular septal defect. Two great vessels are shown in this case. B: The image shows a connection between the posterior aortic arch and the main pulmonary artery consistent with patent ductus arteriosus. The diverticulum of Kommerell occurs at the origin of an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the aorta. There is normal great vessel anatomy in this case. C: The image shows a connection between the aorta and main pulmonary artery consistent with patent ductus arteriosus. D: The image shows a connection between the aorta and main pulmonary artery consistent with patent ductus arteriosus. The aorta is normal in appearance.
8 Axial balanced steady-state free precession Axial contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1W Figure 8 Figure A 42-year-old man presents with chest pain and dyspnea (Figures 8 and 9). What is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis? A. Angiosarcoma B. Pericarditis C. Pericardial cyst D. Rhabdomyoma Images A and B (axial balanced steady-state free precession and axial contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1) show an enhancing mass arising from the right heart, with associated pericardial fluid. A: Angiosarcoma is the most common malignant cardiac neoplasm in adults. It typically affects the right heart, often involving the pericardium. Cardiac angiosarcomas frequently demonstrate areas of heterogeneous T1 signal intensity, attributed to episodes of previous hemorrhage and typically demonstrate heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Because angiosarcomas frequently involve the pericardium, patients may present with symptoms of tamponade. B: Although an abnormal amount of pericardial fluid is present in this case, the images do not support the diagnosis of pericarditis. Pericarditis will result in thickening of the pericardium, however, it typically does not present with a discrete mass, as noted in this case. C: Although there is loculated pericardial fluid, which can mimic the appearance of a pericardial cyst, there is also an enhancing mass, consistent with neoplasm. D: Rhabdomyomas are the most common primary cardiac neoplasm in children, but are rare in adults. Rhabdomyomas typically present within the ventricular myocardium.
9 Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest reformatted into the short axis of the heart Figure What physiologic condition can be inferred by this CT image (Figure 10)? A. Increased systemic afterload B. Pulmonary venous hypertension C. Elevated right heart pressure D. Pericardial tamponade This contrast-enhanced short axis reformatted CT image shows an enlarged right ventricle with thickened walls, causing the ventricular septum to bow into the left ventricular lumen. A: Increased afterload occurs in the setting of increased aortic pressure, as can be seen in aortic valve stenosis or systemic hypertension. This typically results in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. In this example, the left ventricle is not thick-walled, but rather is partially collapsed by the high-pressure right ventricle. B: Pulmonary venous hypertension, as typically noted in left heart failure or volume overload, is typically manifested by left atrial and left ventricular dilation. This example instead shows a small left ventricle and a dilated right ventricle. C: The image shows a thick-walled right ventricle with the ventricular septum deviated toward the lumen of the left ventricle. In the normal physiologic state, the left ventricle should retain a round configuration as viewed in the short axis plane throughout systole and diastole, owing to the left heart s higher pressure. To see the septum deviated toward the left ventricle indicates significantly elevated right heart pressures. In this case, the patient had a long-standing history of primary pulmonary hypertension. D: Tamponade may result in ventricular deformation, though this typically affects the right heart to a greater degree, owing to its lower pressure compared to the left ventricle. Also, there is no significant pericardial fluid shown in this image.
10 TI=150 msec TI=200 msec Figure 11 Figure 12 TI=250 msec TI=300 msec Figure 13 Figure Based on the images obtained 1 minute after administration of gadolinium (Figures 11-14), what is the ideal inversion time (TI) for this subject? A. 150 msec B. 200 msec C. 250 msec D. 300 msec The following short axis inversion recovery T1-weighted images were performed on a normal subject 1 minute after administration of gadolinium. Figures A and B demonstrate findings of an inversion time that is too short, manifested by central myocardial hyperintensity with a hypointense rim. Figure C demonstrates an ideal inversion time, with uniform nulling of the myocardium. Figure D demonstrates an inversion time that is too long, with the myocardium appearing diffusely intermediate in signal intensity. A: The myocardium in this example shows central relative hyperintensity with a rim of T1 hypointensity. This indicates that the TI used in this example is too short. An ideal TI will uniformly null the normal myocardium, resulting in a uniformly black appearance. B: The myocardium in this example shows central relative hyperintensity with a rim of T1 hypointensity. This indicates that the TI used in this example is too short. An ideal TI will uniformly null the normal myocardium, resulting in a uniformly black appearance. C: The myocardium in this example shows appropriate nulling, with a uniform black appearance. A 180º inversion pulse is applied to the imaged volume in delayed, contrast-enhanced viability imaging to heighten the conspicuity of abnormal enhancement. As the imaged volume undergoes T1 relaxation to realign with the main magnetic field, each component of the volume will recover to zero based on the tissue s intrinsic T1. If the imaging pulse used for the viability sequence is applied at the point where normal myocardium has recovered to zero, the normal myocardium will appear black, and pathologic enhancement will be conspicuously bright. D: The myocardium in this example is diffusely intermediate in signal intensity. This indicates that the TI is too long. An ideal TI will uniformly null the myocardium, resulting in a uniformly black appearance in normal myocardium.
11 99. For a 3D cardiac CT image dataset acquired at 0.5 mm slice thickness, which of the following is MOST LIKELY to occur if the reconstruction interval is altered from 0.5 mm to 0.3 mm? A. Increased patient dose B. Decreased patient dose C. Increased data set D. Increased scan time A. Patient dose is unaffected by the changes in reconstruction interval as it does not affect scan acquisition. B. Patient dose is unaffected by the changes in reconstruction interval as it does not affect scan acquisition. C. If the reconstruction interval is decreased, it results in higher number of slices yielding higher image size for 3D images. D. Changes in reconstruction interval only affects reconstruction time but not the scan time Which one of the following conditions is MOST closely associated with aortic dissection? A. Systemic hypertension B. Bicuspid aortic valve C. Marfan s syndrome D. Prior cardiac surgery 101. Where is the crista supraventricularis located? A. At the junction of the left atrial appendage and the left pulmonary vein B. Between the right ventricular free wall and the interventricular septum C. Between the inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle D. Between the right atrial appendage and the right atrium A: The Coumadin ridge is located at the junction of the left atrial appendage and the left superior pulmonary vein and may cause the appearance of a filling defect. B: The moderator band is located at the apex of the right ventricle and extends from the right ventricular free wall to the interventricular septum. C: The crista supraventricularis is one of a series of muscular bands that separates the inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle. D: The crista terminalis is a muscular ridge of varying prominence that separates the trabeculated right atrial appendage from the smooth-walled right atrium.
12 102. What is the MOST common cause of mitral valve stenosis? A. Left atrial myxoma B. Endocarditis C. Mitral annular calcification D. Rheumatic heart disease A: Although a left atrial myxoma can prolapse through the mitral valve and result in functional mitral valve stenosis, it is not the most common cause of mitral stenosis. B: Infective endocarditis with large vegetations may cause obstruction of the mitral valve orifice. However, the most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever. C: Mitral annular calcification is a very common occurrence, particularly in older women. Only in severe cases does mitral annular calcification lead to mitral valve leaflet thickening and subsequent mitral stenosis. D: Rheumatic heart disease is the most common cause of mitral stenosis and usually develops 5-10 years following rheumatic endocarditis.
13 103. Regarding congenital absence of the pericardium, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Right pericardial involvement is more common than left. B. Most patients have associated cardiopulmonary defects. C. Total absence of the pericardium occurs most commonly. D. Partial defects risk cardiac herniation and strangulation. A: Total or partial absence of the left pericardium accounts for about 70% of cases. This is believed to be caused by early atrophy of the left duct of Cuvier, which supplies the embryonic pleuropericardial membrane. The right duct of Cuvier forms the superior vena cava, and, as a result, the right pleuropericardial membrane usually receives adequate nutrition. B: Only about 30% of individuals with congenital pericardial absence have associated defects such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and pulmonary sequestration. C: Total congenital absence of the pericardium is extremely rare. D: Although generally a benign condition, cardiac herniation with or without strangulation can occur when a partial congenital pericardial defect is present. With a partial left pericardial defect, the left atrial appendage is at risk for strangulation Regarding myocardial bridges, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The circumflex artery is most commonly affected. B. They require surgical treatment. C. CT depicts them better than angiography. D. They occur in less than 10% of autopsy specimens. A: Myocardial bridges are most commonly encountered affecting the left anterior descending artery. B: In most cases, myocardial bridges are clinically silent. C: Because multiplanar reformatted images can be acquired from the original CT dataset, CT is better able to detect the intramuscular course of the coronary artery. D: In autopsy series, myocardial bridging, an intramuscular course of the coronary artery, occurs in almost 30% of specimens.
14 105. Enlargement of which of the following structures is the MOST reliable radiographic sign of pulmonary valve stenosis? A. Left pulmonary artery B. Bilateral pulmonary arteries C. Right ventricle D. Main pulmonary artery A: Enlargement of the left pulmonary artery, with or without pulmonary trunk enlargement, is the hallmark of pulmonary valve stenosis. B: Enlargement of both pulmonary arteries is characteristic of either pulmonary hypertension or overcirculation. Enlargement of the right pulmonary artery is not a feature of pulmonary valve stenosis. C: The right ventricle hypertrophies in response to the pressure caused by pulmonary valve stenosis. Ventricular dilatation only occurs if ventricular failure or tricuspid regurgitation is present. D: The pulmonary trunk can be either normal or enlarged on chest radiography in patients with pulmonary valve stenosis. Isolated pulmonary trunk enlargement can be seen in patients with idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Which of the following structures contributes to the posterior border of the mediastinum on a normal lateral chest radiograph? A. Superior vena cava B. Inferior vena cava C. Main pulmonary artery D. Right atrium A: The superior vena cava contributes to the most superior aspect of the anterior border of the mediastinum on a lateral chest radiograph. B: The inferior vena cava contributes to the most inferior aspect of the posterior border of the mediastinum on a lateral chest radiograph. C: The main pulmonary artery contributes to the anterior border of the mediastinum on a lateral chest radiograph, and represents the superior portion of the convex curve largely created by the right ventricle. D: The right atrium is not typically seen in the lateral projection, but represents the inferior aspect of the right border of the mediastinum on a frontal chest radiograph.
15 107. Which one of the following findings is seen in the setting of constrictive pericarditis? A. Atrial collapse B. Globular configuration of the ventricles C. Dilation of the inferior vena cava D. Left ventricular hypertrophy A: Many of the findings seen in constrictive pericarditis are due to the physiologic changes that take place with impaired left ventricular filling. The impaired filling leads to dilation of the upstream chambers, the atria, and the superior and inferior vena cava. B: Many of the findings seen in constrictive pericarditis are due to the physiologic changes that take place with impaired left ventricular filling. This impaired filling leads to decreased ventricular volumes, and the ventricles typically take on a tubular configuration. C: Many of the findings seen in constrictive pericarditis are due to the physiologic changes that take place with impaired left ventricular filling. The impaired filling leads to dilation of the upstream chambers, the atria, and the superior and inferior vena cava. Normally, the superior vena cava should not be greater in diameter than the ascending aorta and the inferior vena cava should not be more than twice the diameter of the descending aorta. D: Many of the findings seen in constrictive pericarditis are due to the physiologic changes that take place with impaired left ventricular filling. This impaired filling leads to decreased ventricular volumes, and the ventricles typically take on a tubular configuration. Occasionally, constrictive pericarditis is accompanied by left ventricular atrophy, the etiology of which remains uncertain. This carries a higher degree of morbidity and mortality when present Diffuse subendocardial enhancement of the left ventricle on delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of the heart is MOST typical of what entity? A. Myocardial ischemia B. Myocardial infarction C. Amyloidosis D. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy A: Myocardial ischemia, in the absence of infarction, does not characteristically result in pathologic enhancement on delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of the heart. B: In the setting of myocardial infarction, there is enhancement of the subendocardium on delayed imaging. However, the enhancement is not diffuse and is typically confined to discrete coronary artery distributions. C: Amyloidosis is a systemic disorder that may affect the heart, resulting in a clinical picture of restrictive cardiomyopathy. At delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of the heart, amyloidosis frequently results in diffuse subendocardial enhancement. This can be differentiated from myocardial infarction by its distribution beyond coronary artery distributions. The degree of pathologic enhancement may be so significant and diffuse, that finding an appropriate inversion time to null normal myocardial signal for delayed contrast-enhanced sequences may be difficult. D: Asymmetric septal hypertrophy, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, may not manifest with abnormal enhancement, however when abnormal enhancement is present, it is typically confined to the septal myocardium.
16 109. Regarding sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, which one of the following statements is TRUE? A. They rarely involve the left coronary sinus. B. Hypertension is the most common acquired cause. C. Rupture usually causes pericardial tamponade. D. The majority are acquired. A: Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms occur most commonly in the right or noncoronary sinus and rarely in the left coronary sinus. B: Acquired sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are usually caused by a disruption of the aortic wall such as infection, trauma or connective tissue disorders. C: When rupture occurs, it is into the right atrium or ventricle resulting in symptoms of acute heart failure. D: Congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are more common than acquired aneurysms.
Heart and Lungs. LUNG Coronal section demonstrates relationship of pulmonary parenchyma to heart and chest wall.
Heart and Lungs Normal Sonographic Anatomy THORAX Axial and coronal sections demonstrate integrity of thorax, fetal breathing movements, and overall size and shape. LUNG Coronal section demonstrates relationship
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM L E C T U R E 5
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM L E C T U R E 5 REVIEW OF CARDIAC ANATOMY Heart 4 chambers Base and apex Valves Pericardial sac 3 layers: epi, myo, endo cardium Major blood vessels Aorta and its
More informationCongenital Heart Defects
Normal Heart Congenital Heart Defects 1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus The ductus arteriosus connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta. In utero, it allows the blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass
More informationCase 47 Clinical Presentation
93 Case 47 C Clinical Presentation 45-year-old man presents with chest pain and new onset of a murmur. Echocardiography shows severe aortic insufficiency. 94 RadCases Cardiac Imaging Imaging Findings C
More informationIndex. radiologic.theclinics.com. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ALCAPA. See Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Angiosarcoma computed tomographic assessment of, 809 811 Anomalous
More informationMiddle mediastinum---- heart & pericardium. Dep. of Human Anatomy Zhou Hongying
Middle mediastinum---- heart & pericardium Dep. of Human Anatomy Zhou Hongying eaglezhyxzy@163.com Subdivisions of the mediastinum Contents of Middle mediastinum Heart Pericardium: a serous sac enclosing
More informationThe Cardiovascular System Part I: Heart Outline of class lecture After studying part I of this chapter you should be able to:
The Cardiovascular System Part I: Heart Outline of class lecture After studying part I of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Describe the functions of the heart 2. Describe the location of the heart,
More informationCardiac Radiology In-Training Test Questions for Diagnostic Radiology Residents
Cardiac Radiology In-Training Test Questions for Diagnostic Radiology Residents March, 2013 Sponsored by: Commission on Education Committee on Residency Training in Diagnostic Radiology 2013 by American
More informationAdult Congenital Heart Disease: What All Echocardiographers Should Know Sharon L. Roble, MD, FACC Echo Hawaii 2016
1 Adult Congenital Heart Disease: What All Echocardiographers Should Know Sharon L. Roble, MD, FACC Echo Hawaii 2016 DISCLOSURES I have no disclosures relevant to today s talk 2 Why should all echocardiographers
More informationAnatomy of the Heart. Figure 20 2c
Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20 2c Pericardium & Myocardium Remember, the heart sits in it s own cavity, known as the mediastinum. The heart is surrounded by the Pericardium, a double lining of the pericardial
More informationCMS Limitations Guide - Radiology Services
CMS Limitations Guide - Radiology Services Starting October 1, 2015, CMS will update their existing medical necessity limitations on tests and procedures to correspond to ICD-10 codes. This limitations
More informationthe Cardiovascular System I
the Cardiovascular System I By: Dr. Nabil A Khouri MD, MsC, Ph.D MEDIASTINUM 1. Superior Mediastinum 2. inferior Mediastinum Anterior mediastinum. Middle mediastinum. Posterior mediastinum Anatomy of
More informationAdult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Adult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 Anatomy and Physiology Pathology Clinical Care and Safety Measurement Techniques, Maneuvers,
More informationPediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Pediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 Anatomy and Physiology Normal Anatomy and Physiology 10% 2 Abnormal Pathology and Pathophysiology
More informationCardiac Radiography. Jared D. Christensen, M.D.
Cardiac Radiography Jared D. Christensen, M.D. Cardiac radiography Jared D. Christensen, M.D. Overview Basic Concepts Technique Normal anatomy Cases Technique 3 Standard Views Posterior-Anterior (PA) Anterior-Posterior
More informationChapter 2 Cardiac Interpretation of Pediatric Chest X-Ray
Chapter 2 Cardiac Interpretation of Pediatric Chest X-Ray Ra-id Abdulla and Douglas M. Luxenberg Key Facts The cardiac silhouette occupies 50 55% of the chest width on an anterior posterior chest X-ray
More informationhuman anatomy 2016 lecture thirteen Dr meethak ali ahmed neurosurgeon
Heart The heart is a hollow muscular organ that is somewhat pyramid shaped and lies within the pericardium in the mediastinum. It is connected at its base to the great blood vessels but otherwise lies
More informationList of Videos. Video 1.1
Video 1.1 Video 1.2 Video 1.3 Video 1.4 Video 1.5 Video 1.6 Video 1.7 Video 1.8 The parasternal long-axis view of the left ventricle shows the left ventricular inflow and outflow tract. The left atrium
More informationADVANCED CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING. Medical Knowledge. Goals and Objectives PF EF MF LF Aspirational
Medical Knowledge Goals and Objectives PF EF MF LF Aspirational Know the basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including the role of the magnetic fields and gradient coil systems, generation
More informationLab Activity 23. Cardiac Anatomy. Portland Community College BI 232
Lab Activity 23 Cardiac Anatomy Portland Community College BI 232 Cardiac Muscle Histology Branching cells Intercalated disc: contains many gap junctions connecting the adjacent cell cytoplasm, creates
More informationThe Heart & Pericardium Dr. Rakesh Kumar Verma Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy KGMU UP Lucknow
The Heart & Pericardium Dr. Rakesh Kumar Verma Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy KGMU UP Lucknow Fibrous skeleton Dense fibrous connective tissue forms a structural foundation around AV & arterial
More informationULTRASOUND OF THE FETAL HEART
ULTRASOUND OF THE FETAL HEART Cameron A. Manbeian, MD Disclosure Statement Today s faculty: Cameron Manbeian, MD does not have any relevant financial relationships with commercial interests or affiliations
More informationSemiology of the Heart in the 21 st century
Semiology of the Heart in the 21 st century Workshop Rodrigo Salgado Dept of Radiology Antwerp University Hospital - Belgium Question The cardiothoracic index a. Is something I always mention, because
More informationTHE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Part 1
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Part 1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Blood Heart Blood vessels What is the function of this system? What other systems does it affect? CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Functions Transport gases,
More informationpulmonary valve on, 107 pulmonary valve vegetations on, 113
INDEX Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy, 176 Amyloidosis, 160-161 echocardiographic abnormalities in, 160 intra-mural tumors similar to, 294 myocardial involvement in, 160-161 two-dimensional echocardiography
More informationCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD)
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD) DEFINITION It is the result of a structural or functional abnormality of the cardiovascular system at birth GENERAL FEATURES OF CHD Structural defects due to specific disturbance
More informationThe Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System The Manila Times College of Subic Prepared by: Stevens B. Badar, RN, MANc THE HEART Anatomy of the Heart Location and Size approx. the size of a person s fist, hollow and cone-shaped,
More informationChapter 20 (1) The Heart
Chapter 20 (1) The Heart Learning Objectives Describe the location and structure of the heart Describe the path of a drop of blood from the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava through the heart out
More informationAtlas of Practical Cardiac Applications of MRI
Atlas of Practical Cardiac Applications of MRI Atlas of Practical Cardiac Applications of MRI Guillcm Pons-LIado, MD. Director, Cardiac Imaging Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i
More informationAtrial Septal Defects
Supplementary ACHD Echo Acquisition Protocol for Atrial Septal Defects The following protocol for echo in adult patients with atrial septal defects (ASDs) is a guide for performing a comprehensive assessment
More informationAnomalous Systemic Venous Connection Systemic venous anomaly
World Database for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery Appendix B: Diagnosis (International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Codes (IPCCC) and definitions) Anomalous Systemic Venous Connection Systemic
More informationCV Anatomy Quiz. Dr Ella Kim Dr Pip Green
CV Anatomy Quiz Dr Ella Kim Dr Pip Green Q1 The location of the heart is correctly described as A) lateral to the lungs. B) medial to the sternum. C) superior to the diaphragm. D) posterior to the spinal
More informationTHE HEART. A. The Pericardium - a double sac of serous membrane surrounding the heart
THE HEART I. Size and Location: A. Fist-size weighing less than a pound (250 to 350 grams). B. Located in the mediastinum between the 2 nd rib and the 5 th intercostal space. 1. Tipped to the left, resting
More informationCardiac Catheterization Cases Primary Cardiac Diagnoses Facility 12 month period from to PRIMARY DIAGNOSES (one per patient)
PRIMARY DIAGNOSES (one per patient) Septal Defects ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) PFO (Patent Foramen Ovale) ASD, Secundum ASD, Sinus venosus ASD, Coronary sinus ASD, Common atrium (single atrium) VSD (Ventricular
More informationCardiac Computed Tomography
Cardiac Computed Tomography Authored and approved by Koen Nieman Stephan Achenbach Francesca Pugliese Bernard Cosyns Patrizio Lancellotti Anastasia Kitsiou Contents CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Page 1.
More informationPROSTHETIC VALVE BOARD REVIEW
PROSTHETIC VALVE BOARD REVIEW The correct answer D This two chamber view shows a porcine mitral prosthesis with the typical appearance of the struts although the leaflets are not well seen. The valve
More informationThis lab activity is aligned with Visible Body s A&P app. Learn more at visiblebody.com/professors
1 This lab activity is aligned with Visible Body s A&P app. Learn more at visiblebody.com/professors 2 PRE-LAB EXERCISES: A. Watch the video 29.1 Heart Overview and make the following observations: 1.
More informationCJ Shuster A&P2 Lab Addenum Beef Heart Dissection 1. Heart Dissection. (taken from Johnson, Weipz and Savage Lab Book)
CJ Shuster A&P2 Lab Addenum Beef Heart Dissection 1 Heart Dissection. (taken from Johnson, Weipz and Savage Lab Book) Introduction When you have finished examining the model, you are ready to begin your
More informationVasculature and innervation of the heart. A. Bendelic Human Anatomy Department
Vasculature and innervation of the heart A. Bendelic Human Anatomy Department Plan: 1. Arterial blood supply of the heart. Coronary arteries 2. Venous drainage of the heart. Cardiac veins 3. Innervation
More informationCase # 1. Page: 8. DUKE: Adams
Case # 1 Page: 8 1. The cardiac output in this patient is reduced because of: O a) tamponade physiology O b) restrictive physiology O c) coronary artery disease O d) left bundle branch block Page: 8 1.
More informationRead Me. covering the Heart Anatomy. Labs. textbook. use. car: you
Heart Anatomy Lab Pre-Lab Exercises Read Me These exercises should be done before coming to lab, after watching the videos covering the Heart Anatomy Labs. Answer the questions in this guide using the
More informationEchocardiography as a diagnostic and management tool in medical emergencies
Echocardiography as a diagnostic and management tool in medical emergencies Frank van der Heusen MD Department of Anesthesia and perioperative Care UCSF Medical Center Objective of this presentation Indications
More informationThe Heart. The Heart A muscular double pump. The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
C H A P T E R 19 The Heart The Heart A muscular double pump circuit takes blood to and from the lungs Systemic circuit vessels transport blood to and from body tissues Atria receive blood from the pulmonary
More informationLarge Arteries of Heart
Cardiovascular System (Part A-2) Module 5 -Chapter 8 Overview Arteries Capillaries Veins Heart Anatomy Conduction System Blood pressure Fetal circulation Susie Turner, M.D. 1/5/13 Large Arteries of Heart
More informationCh.15 Cardiovascular System Pgs {15-12} {15-13}
Ch.15 Cardiovascular System Pgs {15-12} {15-13} E. Skeleton of the Heart 1. The skeleton of the heart is composed of rings of dense connective tissue and other masses of connective tissue in the interventricular
More informationCirculatory system. Lecture #2
Circulatory system Lecture #2 The essential components of the human cardiovascular system: Heart Blood Blood vessels Arteries - blood vessels that conduct arterial blood from heart ventricle to organs
More informationAdel Hasanin Ahmed 1
Adel Hasanin Ahmed 1 PERICARDIAL DISEASE The pericardial effusion ends anteriorly to the descending aorta and is best visualised in the PLAX. PSAX is actually very useful sometimes for looking at posterior
More informationAnatomy & Physiology
1 Anatomy & Physiology Heart is divided into four chambers, two atrias & two ventricles. Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & mitral) separate the atria from ventricles. they open & close to control flow
More informationLAB 12-1 HEART DISSECTION GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HEART
LAB 12-1 HEART DISSECTION GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HEART Because mammals are warm-blooded and generally very active animals, they require high metabolic rates. One major requirement of a high metabolism is
More informationLarge veins of the thorax Brachiocephalic veins
Large veins of the thorax Brachiocephalic veins Right brachiocephalic vein: formed at the root of the neck by the union of the right subclavian & the right internal jugular veins. Left brachiocephalic
More informationChapter 4: The thoracic cavity and heart. The Heart
Chapter 4: The thoracic cavity and heart The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left pleural cavities by a central partition, the mediastinum. The mediastinum is bounded behind by the vertebral
More informationCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Overview Heart and Vessels 2 Major Divisions Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Closed and Continuous Loop Location Aorta Superior vena cava Right lung Pulmonary trunk Base of heart
More informationACTIVITY 9: BLOOD AND HEART BLOOD
ACTIVITY 9: BLOOD AND HEART OBJECTIVES: 1) How to get ready: Read Chapters 21 & 22, McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e. All text references are for this textbook. Read dissection instructions BEFORE YOU
More informationThe Cardiovascular System. Chapter 15. Cardiovascular System FYI. Cardiology Closed systemof the heart & blood vessels. Functions
Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System FYI The heart pumps 7,000 liters (4000 gallons) of blood through the body each day The heart contracts 2.5 billion times in an avg. lifetime The heart & all blood vessels
More informationECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: THE UNOPERATED ADULT
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: THE UNOPERATED ADULT Karen Stout, MD, FACC Divisions of Cardiology University of Washington Medical Center Seattle Children s Hospital NO DISCLOSURES
More informationNotes: 1)Membranous part contribute in the formation of small portion in the septal cusp.
Embryology 9 : Slide 16 : There is a sulcus between primitive ventricular and bulbis cordis that will disappear gradually and lead to the formation of one chamber which is called bulboventricular chamber.
More informationCommon Defects With Expected Adult Survival:
Common Defects With Expected Adult Survival: Bicuspid aortic valve :Acyanotic Mitral valve prolapse Coarctation of aorta Pulmonary valve stenosis Atrial septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus (V.S.D.)
More informationCardiac Tumors Sharon S. Brouha, MD
Cardiac Tumors Sharon S. Brouha, MD CARDIAC TUMORS Imaging techniques Sharon Sudarshan Brouha, MD, MPH Assistant Clinical Professor Cardiothoracic Imaging Section University of California San Diego Cardiac
More informationMedical Policy An independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Page 1 of 16 Medical Policy An independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Title: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Professional Institutional
More informationCardiovascular Nursing Practice: A Comprehensive Resource Manual and Study Guide for Clinical Nurses 2 nd Edition
Cardiovascular Nursing Practice: A Comprehensive Resource Manual and Study Guide for Clinical Nurses 2 nd Edition Table of Contents Volume 1 Chapter 1: Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Basic Cardiac
More informationRead Chapters 21 & 22, McKinley et al
ACTIVITY 9: BLOOD AND HEART OBJECTIVES: 1) How to get ready: Read Chapters 21 & 22, McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 5e. All text references are for this textbook. Read dissection instructions BEFORE YOU
More informationMODULE 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANTOMY An Introduction to the Anatomy of the Heart and Blood vessels
MODULE 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANTOMY An Introduction to the Anatomy of the Heart and Blood vessels The cardiovascular system includes a pump (the heart) and the vessels that carry blood from the heart
More informationChapter 14. Circulatory System Images. VT-122 Anatomy & Physiology II
Chapter 14 Circulatory System Images VT-122 Anatomy & Physiology II The mediastinum Dog heart Dog heart Cat heart Dog heart ultrasound Can see pericardium as distinct bright line Pericardial effusion Fluid
More informationAnatomy lab -1- Imp note: papillary muscle Trabeculae Carneae chordae tendineae
Anatomy lab -1- Imp note: the arrangement of this sheet is different than the lab recording, it has been arranged in a certain way to make it easier to study. When you open the left ventricle you can see
More informationChapter 14. The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 14 The Cardiovascular System Introduction Cardiovascular system - heart, blood and blood vessels Cardiac muscle makes up bulk of heart provides force to pump blood Function - transports blood 2
More informationAnatomy of the Heart
Biology 212: Anatomy and Physiology II Anatomy of the Heart References: Saladin, KS: Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function 8 th (2018). Required reading before beginning this lab: Chapter
More informationAnatomy of left ventricular outflow tract'
Anatomy of left ventricular outflow tract' ROBERT WALMSLEY British Heart Journal, 1979, 41, 263-267 From the Department of Anatomy and Experimental Pathology, The University, St Andrews, Scotland SUMMARY
More informationThe Heart. Happy Friday! #takeoutyournotes #testnotgradedyet
The Heart Happy Friday! #takeoutyournotes #testnotgradedyet Introduction Cardiovascular system distributes blood Pump (heart) Distribution areas (capillaries) Heart has 4 compartments 2 receive blood (atria)
More informationData Collected: June 17, Reported: June 30, Survey Dates 05/24/ /07/2010
Job Task Analysis for ARDMS Pediatric Echocardiography Data Collected: June 17, 2010 Reported: Analysis Summary For: Pediatric Echocardiography Exam Survey Dates 05/24/2010-06/07/2010 Invited Respondents
More informationCardiac Masses. Cardiac Masses: Considerations. Dennis A. Tighe, MD, FASE. University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA 4/16/2018
Cardiac Masses Dennis A. Tighe, MD, FASE University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA Cardiac Masses: Considerations Definition of the mass Nature Location Benign or malignant Presentation
More informationDr. Weyrich G07: Superior and Posterior Mediastina. Reading: 1. Gray s Anatomy for Students, chapter 3
Dr. Weyrich G07: Superior and Posterior Mediastina Reading: 1. Gray s Anatomy for Students, chapter 3 Objectives: 1. Subdivisions of mediastinum 2. Structures in Superior mediastinum 3. Structures in Posterior
More informationLECTURE 5. Anatomy of the heart
LECTURE 5. Anatomy of the heart Main components of the CVS: Heart Blood circulatory system arterial compartment haemomicrocirculatory (=microvascular) compartment venous compartment Lymphatic circulatory
More informationEmbryology of the Heart
*Page 1A: Embryology of the Heart Human embryonic disc is divided into three layers: ectoderm, intraembryonic mesoderm, and endoderm. The embryonic disc lies between the amniotic cavity and the primary
More informationA DAYS CARDIOVASCULAR UNIT GUIDE DUE WEDNESDAY 4/12
A DAYS CARDIOVASCULAR UNIT GUIDE DUE WEDNESDAY 4/12 MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 3/20 - B 3/21 - A 3/22 - B 3/23 - A 3/24 - B 3/27 - A Dissection Ethics Debate 3/28 - B 3/29 - A Intro to Cardiovascular
More information2. right heart = pulmonary pump takes blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
A. location in thorax, in inferior mediastinum posterior to sternum medial to lungs superior to diaphragm anterior to vertebrae orientation - oblique apex points down and to the left 2/3 of mass on left
More informationTHE HEART OBJECTIVES: LOCATION OF THE HEART IN THE THORACIC CAVITY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BIOLOGY II CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR THE HEART OBJECTIVES: Describe the anatomy of the heart and identify and give the functions of all parts. (pp. 356 363) Trace the flow of blood
More informationcardiac imaging planes planning basic cardiac & aortic views for MR
cardiac imaging planes planning basic cardiac & aortic views for MR Dianna M. E. Bardo, M. D. Assistant Professor of Radiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Director of Cardiac Imaging cardiac imaging planes
More informationISUOG Basic Training. Obtaining & Interpreting Heart Views Correctly Alfred Abuhamad, USA. Basic training. Editable text here
ISUOG Basic Training Obtaining & Interpreting Heart Views Correctly Alfred Abuhamad, USA Learning Objectives 6, 7 & 8 At the end of the lecture you will be able to: describe how to assess cardiac situs
More informationCardiac Mass and Mass-like Structures
KSE 2017 Basic Echo Review Course (4) Nov 26, 2017 Cardiac Mass and Mass-like Structures Sun Hwa Lee, MD, PhD Chonbuk National University Hospital & Medical School Introduction Although cardiac tumors
More informationCardiac Masses. Dennis A. Tighe, MD, FASE. University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA
Cardiac Masses Dennis A. Tighe, MD, FASE University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA Cardiac Masses: Considerations Definition of the mass Nature Location Benign or malignant Presentation
More informationCardiac MRI: Clinical Application to Disease
Cardiac MRI: Clinical Application to Disease Jessi Smith, MD Cardiothoracic imaging, Indiana University Slides courtesy of Stacy Rissing, MD Outline Imaging planes Disease findings Pulse sequences used
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD Disclosure No Relevant Financial Relationships with Commercial Interests Fetal Echo: How to do it? Timing of Study -optimally between 22-24 weeks
More informationPRACTICAL GUIDE TO FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IC Huggon and LD Allan
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IC Huggon and LD Allan Fetal Cardiology Unit, Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK IMPORTANCE OF PRENATAL
More informationBOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY. Guidelines. Module 2 Topic of the lesson Aorta. Thoracic aorta.
BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY Guidelines Academic discipline HUMAN ANATOMY Module 2 Topic of the lesson Aorta. Thoracic aorta. Course 1 The number of hours 3 1. The
More informationA Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method for
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 1(1), 59-64 (1999) INVITED PAPER Use of MRI in ASD Asessment A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method for Evaluating Atrial Septa1 Defects Godtfred Holmvang Cardiac
More informationCARDIAC AND CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY NO DISCLOSURES. Axial Anatomy of Heart. Axial Anatomy of Heart. Axial Anatomy of Heart
CARDIAC AND CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY NO DISCLOSURES NASCI MEETING, ORLANDO FLORIDA 2009 KOSTAKI G. BIS, MD, FACR DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSPITAL Royal Oak, Michigan OBJECTIVES CARDIAC
More informationConstrictive Pericarditis Pitfalls in MR Diagnosis Cylen Javidan-Nejad Associate Professor Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University
Constrictive Pericarditis Pitfalls in MR Diagnosis Cylen Javidan-Nejad Associate Professor Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University in St. Louis Goal o To review the imaging criteria of
More informationPartial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in Adults: Evaluation with MDCT
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in Adults: Evaluation with MDCT e-poster: 349 Congress: 2WCTI 2009 Type: Educational poster Topic: Pulmonary circulation Authors: MeSH: Bhatti W, Maldjian
More informationHeart Anatomy. 7/5/02 Stephen G Davenport 1
Heart Anatomy Copyright 1999, Stephen G. Davenport, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form without prior written permission. 7/5/02 Stephen
More informationPericardial Diseases. Smonporn Boonyaratavej, MD. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Chulalongkorn University
Pericardial Diseases Smonporn Boonyaratavej, MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital 21 AUGUST 2016 Pericardial
More informationHeart Dissection. 5. Locate the tip of the heart or the apex. Only the left ventricle extends all the way to the apex.
Heart Dissection Page 1 of 6 Background: The heart is a four-chambered, hollow organ composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue. It is located in the center of the chest in between the lungs. It is the
More informationCase 1. Case 2. Case 3
Case 1 The correct answer is D. Occasionally, the Brugada syndrome can present similar morphologies to A and also change depending on the lead position but in the Brugada pattern the r is wider and ST
More information9/8/2009 < 1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 11,12 13,14 15,16 17,18 > 18. Tetralogy of Fallot. Complex Congenital Heart Disease.
Current Indications for Pediatric CTA S Bruce Greenberg Professor of Radiology Arkansas Children s Hospital University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences greenbergsbruce@uams.edu 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
More information11.1 The Aortic Arch General Anatomy of the Ascending Aorta and the Aortic Arch Surgical Anatomy of the Aorta
456 11 Surgical Anatomy of the Aorta 11.1 The Aortic Arch 11.1.1 General Anatomy of the Ascending Aorta and the Aortic Arch Surgery of the is one of the most challenging areas of cardiac and vascular surgery,
More informationCardiovascular Anatomy Dr. Gary Mumaugh
Cardiovascular Anatomy Dr. Gary Mumaugh Location of Heart Approximately the size of your fist Location o Superior surface of diaphragm o Left of the midline in mediastinum o Anterior to the vertebral column,
More information5.8 Congenital Heart Disease
5.8 Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart diseases (CHD) refer to structural or functional heart diseases, which are present at birth. Some of these lesions may be discovered later. prevalence of Chd
More informationW.S. O The University of Hong Kong
W.S. O The University of Hong Kong Objectives: Describe early angiogenesis. Describe the heart tube formation. Describe the partitioning into a 4- chambered heart. List the formation of heart valves and
More informationIndex. interventional.theclinics.com. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Alagille syndrome, pulmonary artery stenosis in, 143 145, 148 149 Amplatz devices for atrial septal defect closure, 42 46 for coronary
More informationJ Somerville and V Grech. The chest x-ray in congenital heart disease 2. Images Paediatr Cardiol Jan-Mar; 12(1): 1 8.
IMAGES in PAEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2010 PMCID: PMC3228330 The chest x-ray in congenital heart disease 2 J Somerville and V Grech Paediatric Department, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta Corresponding
More information