Index. C Cabergoline, 106 Calcitonin, Calendar of premenstrual experiences (COPE), 21

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1 Index A Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), 9 Adolescent pregnancies, 25 Adrenal hyperandrogenism, 71, Aging and constipation, 221 menopause and, 220 postmenopause and (see Postmenopause and ageing) Angiogenesis, 10 Anovulation, 9, 70 74, 93 B Bio-identical hormones definition, effect on breast, on cardiovascular system, 243 on venous thromboembolic risk, endometrial protection, 244 global consensus and IMS recommendations, 245 KEEPS and ELITE, 243 manufacturers, registration, 242 vs. non bio-identical hormones, Bisphosphonates, Bones effect of progesterone, 202 menopause-related changes, postmenopausal osteoporosis, 201 Breast cancer HRT, postmenopause and ageing, quality of life behavioural response, 159 cognitive reactions, 159 emotions, 157 existential and spiritual challenges, 158 physical and psychological functioning, psychiatric morbidity, psychotherapeutic possibilities, 160 sexual life, 158 sexual health axis autonomy vs. independence, 162 axis closeness vs. distance, 163 axis symmetry vs. complementarity, 162 couple therapy, D mammogram, 164 individualised sexological treatment, physical and psychological well-being, 164 sexual dysfunction, sexual experience and behaviour, sexual problem and consequences, 163 Bromocriptine, 105 Bupropion, 155 C Cabergoline, 106 Calcitonin, Calendar of premenstrual experiences (COPE), 21 # International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology 2014, Corrected printing 2015 A.R. Genazzani, M. Brincat (eds.), Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology: Volume 1: From Symptoms to Therapies, ISGE Series DOI /

2 258 Index Cardiovascular system HRT, 248 progesterone effect on, 243 Chromosomal anomalies, 3 Climacteric depression, Clomiphene citrate, 90, 104 Colorectal cancer, 250 Conception, 39, 83, 114, 120, 130 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 3, 73, 74 Constipation aging and, 221 definition, signs, and symptoms, Contraception, 86 87, 96, 154 Coronary heart disease (CHD), estrogen effect on biological effects direct arterial effects, metabolic effects, 226 HRT on, men vs. women, 225 observational study, 227 randomized trials, KEEPS trial, 228 post-hoc study, 228 D Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS), 229 Delayed puberty (DP), 4 Denosumab, 211 Differential diagnosis, 10 11, 17, Donor egg treatment assessment of donors, assessment of recipient, law, obstetric outcomes, 139 POI, 135 process, 138 DOPS. See Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS) E Egg freezing, 123, 138, 139 Endocrine disorders, 3, 70, 73 Endometrial bleeding, 9 Endometrial cancer HRT, 250 Endometriosis definition, 29 down-staging, endometrial implants, endoscopic lesion, macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, 40 obstetrical outcome acute intraabdominal bleeding, 43 antepartal bleeding, 40 natural killer cell activity, 43 postpartum hemorrhage, 44 pre-eclampsia, 40 pregnancy complications, 39 premature birth, 39 pregnancy rates, recurrence rates, three-step therapy cure rate, 41 fecundability rate, 42 gestagens, 44 interventions, 33, 35 laparoscopy, 43 maine outcome measures, 35 patients, pelviscopic treatment, 41 statistical evaluation and IRB approval, 35 tissue samples, 30, 33 triptorelin, 42 treatment combined, 32 hormonal, 36 medical, 31 surgical, 30, 32 targeted, 31 Estrogen receptors (ER), 220 Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 250 Estrogens breast cancer, effect on coronary heart disease (see Coronary heart disease (CHD), estrogen effect on) endometrial cancer, 250 OHSS, 112 vasodilatation, F Familial predisposition, 17 Fertility. See also Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) preservation of, 97 thyroid function, 176 Flibanserin, 155

3 Index 259 G Gonadotropin release, 9, 108 Grave s disease, 73, 172, 173, 176 Gynecological pathologies, 25 H Heart and estrogen/progestogen replacement study (HERS), 229 Heterologous gonadotropins, 106 Histamine, 112, 113 Hormonal contraceptives, Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Alzheimer s disease, 249 bones, 248 breast cancer, cardiovascular system, 248 on CHD, cognitive function, 249 colorectal cancer, 250 coronary heart disease (CHD), estrogen effect on, endometrial cancer, 250 menopause-related changes, POI, postmenopausal osteoporosis, 208 postmenopause and ageing, WHI trials, HSDD. See Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) Human chorionic gonadotropin, 53, 84, 107, 113 Human menopausal gonadotropins, Human pituitary gonadotropin (HPG), a-Hydroxy progesterone biosynthetic pathway, vs. cervical cerclage, 185 dydrogesterone, 185 effect on myometrium, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 183 neonatal morbidity, 184 Hyperandrogenism adrenal, clinical assessment, extraglandular hormones production, 69 hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disfunction, pathogenesis of chronic anovulation, PCOS androstenedione and testosterone production, 70 GnRH secretion, metabolic pattern and insulin role, pathogenetic mechanisms, 71 Hyperprolactinemia, 11, 72 73, 75, 93, 105 Hyperthyroidism, 73, Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) aetiology and pathogenesis, 147 biological and biomedical factors diabetes, 149 diseases and drug use, hormones and endocrine changes, pituitary tumours and hyperprolactinaemia, 150 urinary incontinence, 149 definition, excitation/inhibition model, general factors, 144 incentive-motivation model, 145 individual psychologic factors, prevalence, 146 push pull model, 145 relationship factors, 151 sociocultural factors conditioning factors, 153 descriptive diagnosis, explanatory comprehensive diagnosis, 153 individual profile, 152 initiation, 151 therapeutic options basic counselling, 154 centrally active drugs, hormonal treatments, 154 psychotherapeutic interventions, 155 Hypothalamus, 9, 82, 86, 92, 146, 147, 155, 192, 193, 195 Hypothyroidism, 11, Hysterectomy, 91, 96 97, 237 I Iliococcygeus muscle, 219 Infertility, 92, Irritable bowel syndrome, 17, 22, 217 L Laparoscopy/laparotomy benign and malignant ovarian transformations, 93 benign ovarian cysts, bipolar electrocoagulation, 89

4 260 Index Laparoscopy/laparotomy (cont.) chocolate cysts, 88 cystectomy, 89 histopathological pattern of ovarian cyst, 87, 89 infertility, 92 oophorectomy, 90 ovarian endometrioma enucleation, 85, 87 ovarian reserve, 90 pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes, 98 sizes of ovarian cyst, Late luteal phase disorder, 19 Letrozole, M Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), 40 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 227 Menopausal transition and aging, 220 clinical signs altered bleeding pattern, 194 anxiety and depressed mood, 196 cardiovascular changes, 195 hot flushes, 195 sleep dysfunctions, urogenital symptoms, 196 vasomotor signs, weight gain and fat deposition, 197 definitions, hormones and endocrine changes, physiological changes adrenal steroid production, 194 central nervous system, 192 depression and mood swings, 192 endocrine consequences, 193 endometrium, 194 menstrual irregularities, 193 therapeutic challenges, Menopause-related changes bone, bone-targeting oestradiol delivery systems, 201 hormone replacement therapy, intervertebral discs, muscle, 203 selective oestrogen receptor modulators, 201 Menstrual complaints, 19 Menstrual irregularities, 3, 26, 73, 83, 191, 193, 194 Menstrual period, 26, 40, 191, 193, 202, 244 Metabolic disorders. See Vitamin D Metformin, 62 64, 84, 94 96, 99, 104, 172 Mirena IUS, 235 Multiple pregnancy, 81, 83, 105, , 173, 181 N Nodular goiter, 172, 175 NSAID, 18 O Oestrogen therapy climacteric depression, hysterectomy, 237 postnatal depression, 236 premenstrual depression, reproductive depression hormone therapy for, and ovarian hormones, OHSS. See Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) Oral contraceptives, 84, 86, 93, 95, 129, 148, 197 Ovarian conservation, 91, Ovarian cycle syndrome, 234 Ovarian dysfunction and amenorrhoea, 92 93, 96 Ovarian function, 20 Ovarian hyperandrogenism, Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) classification, human chorionic gonadotropin, 84 incidence, 111 multiple gestations, 104 multiple pregnancy, pathogenesis, prevention, risk factors, 111 treatment, 114 Ovarian surgery artificial oocyte production, 99 assisted reproductive techniques, benign and malignant ovarian transformations, 93 94, 96 conception, 83 contraception, embryology, physiology and endocrinology, 81 infertility, 92, laparoscopy/laparotomy benign ovarian cysts, 87 88

5 Index 261 bipolar electrocoagulation, 89 chocolate cysts, 88 cystectomy, 89 histopathological pattern of ovarian cyst, 87, 89 oophorectomy, 90 ovarian endometrioma enucleation, 85, 87 ovarian reserve, 90 pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes, 98 sizes of ovarian cyst, oogenesis, ovarian conservation, 91, ovarian dysfunction and amenorrhoea, 92 93, 95 ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, 84 ovarian malipnoma, 98 ovulation, PCOS clomiphene, 96 ethinyl oestradiol, 95 hyperinsulinemia, 94 insulin resistance, 84 metformin, 95 ovarian drilling, ovarian endometrioma enucleation, premature ovarian failure, preservation of fertility, 97 Ovarian tissue freezing, 124 Ovulation induction bromocriptine, 105 cabergoline, 106 clomiphene citrate, 104 GnRH advantages, 109 agonist, 107 antagonists, 108 long-term protocol, short-term protocol, 108 heterologous gonadotropins, 106 human menopausal gonadotropins, human pituitary gonadotropins, 106 hyperprolactinemia, 105 letrozole, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (see Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)) pergolide, principles, 103 recombinant human FSH, 107 P Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study (PHASE), 229 PCOS. See Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Pelvic floor dysfunction, 218 Pelvic infections, 17 Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) definition, signs, and symptoms, menopause and aging, 220 Pelvic pain, 17 Pergolide, Perimenopausal depression, 22, 237 PHASE. See Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study (PHASE) Physical symptoms, 19 Phytoestrogens, 252 PMS. See Premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) POI. See Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) androgen excess disorder, 59 endocrine profile, 60 hyperandrogenism androstenedione and testosterone production, 70 and chronic anovulation, 59 GnRH secretion, metabolic pattern and insulin role, pathogenetic mechanisms, 71 inositol integrative administration, lifestyle, 62 metabolism, 61 metformin, ovarian surgery clomiphene, 96 ethinyl oestradiol, 95 hyperinsulinemia, 94 insulin resistance, 84 metformin, 95 ovarian drilling, ovarian endometrioma enucleation, POP. See Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) Postmenopausal osteoporosis bisphosphonates, bone densitometry, 207 calcitonin, calcium/vitamin D, denosumab, 211 fracture reduction efficacy, 212 hormone replacement therapy, 208

6 262 Index Postmenopausal osteoporosis (cont.) selective oestradiol receptor modulators, 209 strontium ranelate, 210 teriparatide/parathyroid hormone, 211 tibolone, 209 Postmenopause and ageing hormone replacement therapy, menopause, 247 phytoestrogens, Postnatal depression, 236 Postpartum period, 148 Pre-eclampsia, 40, 44, 139, 174, 181, 234 Premature ovarian failure (POF), 3, 4, 11, 53, 85 86, , 127 Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) assessment of ovarian reserve, 122 causes, , 128 clinical history, clinical presentation, 120 clinical symptoms, counselling and emotional support, 129 donor egg treatment, 135 fertility, 130 fertility treatment egg freezing, 123 fertility chemo protection, 124 ovarian tissue freezing, 124 social egg freezing, 123 hormone replacement therapy, ovarian response to stimulation, predictive tests, 128 pregnancy, premature menopause, 119 registry, Premenstrual depression, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 19, 20 Premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS), Preservation of fertility, 97 Preterm labour aetiological mechanisms, a-hydroxy progesterone biosynthetic pathway, vs. cervical cerclage, 185 dydrogesterone, 185 effect on myometrium, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 183 neonatal morbidity, 184 common pathway of parturition, endocrinology and immunology allocrine factors, 179 contraction-associated proteins, 179 cytokines, 181 nuclear prostaglandin receptors, 180 T regulatory cells, 180 trophoblast and maternal immune system, 181 Primary amenorrhea (PA), 3 Primary dysmenorrhea, 15 Progestins, 147 Prostaglandins, 17 18, 112, 180, 182 Pubococcygeus muscle, 219 Puborectalis muscle, 219 R Raloxifene bones, 253 breast cancer, 253 cardiovascular system, 253 vertebral fractures, 209 Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone, 82, 107 Renin angiotensin system, Reproductive depression. See Oestrogen therapy S Secondary amenorrhea, 3 Secondary dysmenorrhea, 15, 17 Selective oestradiol receptor modulators (SERMs), 209 Sexual dysfunction, 148, 150, 151, 155, , 218 Sexual excitation neurotransmitters, 146 Sexual inhibition neurotransmitters, 146 Sexually transmitted diseases, 25 Side effects, 23, 25, 31, 55, 105 Social egg freezing, 123 Strontium ranelate, 130, 210 Surgical procedures, 12, 88 Symptoms, 19 T Teriparatide/parathyroid hormone, 211 Testosterone therapy, 154 Thyroid disorders and pregnancy first trimester screen algorithm, 176 free thyroxin level, 171 hyperthyroidism,

7 Index 263 hypothyroidism, nodular goiter, 175 serum TRAb determination, 172 thyroid antibodies, 171 thyroid carcinoma, 176 thyroid function and fertility, 176 thyroiditis, 175 Tibolone bones, 251 breast cancer, 251 endometrial cancer, 251 postmenopausal osteoporosis, 209 Transdermal oestradiol bio-identical hormones, differential effects, ovulation suppression by, 235 postnatal depression, 236 psychotropic drugs by, 235 Transdermal oestrogen, 235, Turner syndrome, 3, 4 Type 2 diabetes, 52, 53, 61, 62, 64, 226 U UI. See Urinary incontinence (UI) Undesired pregnancies, 25 Urinary incontinence (UI) definition, signs, and symptoms, menopause and aging, 220 Uterovaginal anomalies, 3 V Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 10, 113, 115 Vitamin D biological actions, 51 calcium, cardiovascular disease, 53 deficiency calcitriol and alphacalcitriol, 55 clinical symptoms, disturbances in serum levels, fat absorption in intestines, 54 ovary function disorders, 54 metabolic disorders, 52 mortality, 53 pleiotropic actions, 51 reproduction, side effects, overdosage, 55 type 2 diabetes, 52

Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal myomectomy in leiomyoma management, 77 Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) described, 103 105 normal menstrual bleeding vs., 104