Application of the Prunus spp. cyanide seed defense system onto wheat: Reduced insect feeding and field growth tests

Transcription

1 Appliction of the Prunus spp. cynide seed defense system onto whet: Reduced insect feeding nd field growth tests Supporting Informtion Crlos A. Mor 1, Jons G. Hlter 1,, Cornel Adler 2, Andres Hund 3, Heidrun Anders 2, Kng Yu 3, Wendelin J. Strk 1 * 1 Deprtment of Chemistry nd Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemicl nd Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vldimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerlnd 2 Julius Kühn-Institut, Federl Reserch Centre for Cultivted Plnts, Institute for Ecologicl Chemistry, Plnt Anlysis nd Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, Berlin, Germny 3 Deprtment of Environmentl Systems Science, Institute of Agriculturl Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrsse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerlnd These uthors contributed eqully. *Emil: wendelin.strk@chem.ethz.ch, Phone: , Fx :

2 Figure S1. Stndrd germintion experiment fter one-yer storge t mbient temperture, 40 % humidity of coted whet grins of the winter whet vrieties CH Clro nd Arin (Delley Smen und Pflnzen AG, Switzerlnd). Coleoptile lengths (red), 7 dys fter sowing, nd germintion bility (green) of coted nd uncoted grins.

3 Figure S2. Effect of cynogenic grin coting on lrve of Tenebrio molitor (mel beetle) evluted in 5-dy feeding experiment. (A) Consumed grin mss, i.e. the difference between grin mss before nd fter the experiment. The initil grin mss ws 2 g. (B) Frss mss collected t the end of the experiment.

4 Tble S1. Clculted vlues of the HCN mesurements in mmol HCN per kg grin of ll whet grin vrieties with different cotings used in this study. Whet type A: Whet grins purchsed from Morg, Switzerlnd (Demeter whet, product #6809). Whet type B: Winter whet vriety CH Clro (Delley Smen und Pflnzen AG, Switzerlnd). Whet type C: Winter whet vriety Arin (Delley Smen und Pflnzen AG, Switzerlnd). Whet types Cotings A / mmol kg -1 B / mmol kg -1 C / mmol kg -1 PAP 0.53 ± 0.26 EPAP 1.16 ± 0.39 PAAP 1.84 ± ± ± 0.2 EPAAP 2.63 ± ± ± 0.5 not prepred

5 Tble S2. (Upper prt) Clculted vlues of the HCN mesurements in mmol HCN per kg grin nd mmol HCN per kg coting. Whet grins purchsed from Morg, Switzerlnd (Demeter whet, product #6809). (Lower prt) Literture vlues with HCN threshold Coting HCN conc. per grin mss HCN conc. per coting mss PAP 0.53 ± 0.26 mmol kg ± 7.6 mmol kg -1 EPAP 1.16 ± 0.39 mmol kg ± 11.3 mmol kg -1 PAAP 1.84 ± 0.71 mmol kg ± 20.3 mmol kg -1 EPAAP 2.63 ± 0.62 mmol kg ± 17.8 mmol kg -1 Reference Threshold concentrtion (in fresh biomss) Effect Ptton, mmol kg -1 Dropped feeding intensity Riis, mmol kg -1 () Reduced oviposition Bllhorn, mmol kg -1 Repellent effect Bllhorn, mmol kg -1 Selective eting concentrtions hving n effect on herbivores. () Clculted from ppm vlues. 1 Ptton, C. A.; Rnney, T. G.; Burton, J. D.; Wlgenbch, J. F. Nturl pest resistnce of Prunus tx to feeding by dult Jpnese beetles: Role of endogenous llelochemicls in host plnt resistnce. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1997, 122, Riis, L.; Bellotti, A. C.; Bonierble, M.; O'Brien, G. M. Cynogenic potentil in cssv nd its influence on generlist insect herbivore Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemipter: Cydnide). J. Econ. Entomol. 2003, 96,

6 3 Bllhorn, D. J.; Lieberei, R.; Gnzhorn, J. U. Plnt cynogenesis of Phseolus luntus nd its relevnce for herbivore-plnt interction: The importnce of quntittive dt. J. Chem. Ecol. 2005, 31, Bllhorn, D. J.; Kutz, S.; Heil, M.; Hegemn, A. D. Cynogenesis of wild lim ben (Phseolus luntus L.) is n efficient direct defence in nture. Plos One 2009, 4, e5450. Tble S3. Cost nlysis of coted grins in comprison to the cost of uncoted grins. Uncoted whet grins hve cost of ~900 $ per ton. This corresponds to ~0.9 $ kg -1. Reding exmples: Coted grins would therefore cost $ kg -1 for PAP nd $ kg -1 for EPAP coting which is 6-20% more expensive thn the uncoted grins nd $ kg -1 for PAAP nd $ kg -1 for EPAAP coting which is 9-29% more expensive thn the uncoted grins. mteril lb-scle price lrgescle price mss needed to cot 1 kg of grin PAP nd EPAP PAAP nd EPAAP cost per kg grin (lrge-scle) PAP EPAP PAAP EPAAP $ 44 g 59 g PLA 291 $ / 10 g b / 1 kg c $ $ $ $ mygdlin 336 $ / 1-10 $ / 5 g 10 g g d 1 kg e 0.05 $ $ $ $ β-glucosidse 101 $ / 250 mg ( 6 U/mg) f $ / 320 mg h kg g $ $ totl coting $ $ $ $ Clculted from or CHF (1 = 1.09 $; 1 CHF = 1.01 $, ) Biolnd Mrkt GmbH & Co. KG, ctlogue for spring 2016) b Polysciences, Inc. ( ) c Present price nd forecst predicted by K.M. Nmpoothiri et l. 1 d Sigm-Aldrich ( ) e Alibb ( Amygdlin_ html, ) f Sigm-Aldrich ( ) g Estimtion mde by Hensing et l. 2 h Activtion ws estimted to be 5 Units/mg (Brend-Enzymes, EC ) 1 Nmpoothiri, K. M.; Nir, N. R.; John, R. P., An overview of the recent developments in polylctide (PLA) reserch. Bioresource Technology 2010, 101,

7 2 Hensing, M. C. M.; Rouwenhorst, R. J.; Heijnen, J. J.; Vndijken, J. P.; Pronk, J. T., Physiologicl nd technologicl spects of lrge-scle heterologous-protein production with yest. Antonie Vn Leeuwenhoek Interntionl Journl of Generl nd Moleculr Microbiology 1995, 67,