NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12

Transcription

1 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2016 MARKS: 150 TIME: 2½ hours This question paper consists of 16 pages.

2 Agricultural Sciences/P1 2 DBE/Feb. Mar INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of TWO sections, namely SECTION A and SECTION B. 2. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start EACH question on a NEW page. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 6. Show all your calculations, including formulae, where applicable. 7. Write neatly and legibly.

3 Agricultural Sciences/P1 3 DBE/Feb. Mar SECTION A QUESTION Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A D) next to the question number ( ) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example A The biological value (BV) of protein is an index of the protein quality, which is dependent on the... A nutritive ratio and amino acid content. B amino acid content and the ration in which it occurs. C amino acid content and the softness of the protein. D content of non-essential and essential amino acids Papillae in the wall of the rumen serve as... A heating rods for fermentation of crude fibre. B cooling rods for the synthesis of vitamins. C rods which secrete cellulase to hydrolyse crude fibre. D grinding rods and the drying of feed A deficiency of this mineral causes pica in farm animals: A Cobalt B Zinc C Calcium D Phosphorus The process of alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles that push food through the alimentary canal: A Eructation B Regurgitation C Peristalsis D Bloating Which of the following will mostly be used in indigenous farming? (i) Walls built by stacking stones (ii) Movable electrical fencing (iii) Wire fence dividing grazing areas (iv) Kraal made up of sticks Choose the CORRECT combination: A (i) and (ii) B (ii) and (iv) C (i) and (iv) D (i) and (iii)

4 Agricultural Sciences/P1 4 DBE/Feb. Mar The best method to handle pigs: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Make yourself known quietly and gently to avoid startling the animals. Throw cold water at them when waking the animals up. Guide the animals with a plywood board. Move them from darker to lighter areas with no shadow. Choose the CORRECT combination: A (ii), (iii) and (iv) B (i), (ii) and (iii) C (i), (iii) and (iv) D (ii), (iii) and (iv) The following applies to Newcastle disease: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) A viral disease Affects poultry of all ages Leads to heart and kidney failure No treatment for infected animals Choose the CORRECT combination: A (i) and (ii) B (i), (ii) and (iv) C (ii), (iii) and (iv) D All the above-mentioned The foetus is surrounded by three layers while attached to the uterus. What is the correct sequence of the layers from the inner to the outer layer? A Amnion, allantois and chorion B Chorion, amnion and allantois C Allantois, chorion and amnion D Amnion, chorion and allantois WHICH ONE of the statements below with regard to the normal lactation of dairy cows is INCORRECT? A When the milk yield is at its highest, butterfat is at its lowest. B The higher the crude fibre content in a feed, the higher the butterfat content. C Milk production drops before drying up. D Feed with a lower fibre content produces milk with a low butterfat content.

5 Agricultural Sciences/P1 5 DBE/Feb. Mar The average length of the oestrus period of a cow is... hours. A 24 B 8 C 12 D 18 (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 Indicate whether each of the descriptions in COLUMN B applies to A ONLY, B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN A. Write A only, B only, both A and B or none next to the question number ( ) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example B only COLUMN A COLUMN B A: Oatmeal Contains a small percentage of total digestible nutrients and a high crude B: Oats straw fibre content A: Halter Animal handling equipment B: Electric prodder A: Foot bath The tick control method where an animal is completely immersed in a B: Spray dip dipping tank A: Embryo transfer The aim of this process is to improve and preserve the genetic potential of B: Nuclear transfer the herd A: Cryptorchidism One of or both the testes do not descend into the scrotum and remain B: Hypoplasia in the abdominal cavity (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number ( ) in the ANSWER BOOK A fat-soluble vitamin produced by rumen microbes in ruminant animals The disease in farm animals, caused by a virus, that leads to aggressive behaviour, frequent bellowing, excessive salivation and paralysis The action taken to boost the immune systems of farm animals to prevent them from becoming sick The stage of pregnancy characterised by cell differentiation into tissues, organs and systems The hormone released when the udder is washed prior to milking a cow (5 x 2) (10)

6 Agricultural Sciences/P1 6 DBE/Feb. Mar Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in each of the following statements to make them TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question number ( ) in the ANSWER BOOK Hay is produced when a green crop is kept under anaerobic conditions for fermentation and development of lactic acid Parakeratosis is caused by a deficiency of copper Feed flow is a method used to work out the exact quantities of two feeds to be included in a feed mixture to supply the required value Tapeworm is an internal parasite that affects the livers of sheep Twin lambs developing from a single zygote, are referred to as freemartin twins. (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45

7 Agricultural Sciences/P1 7 DBE/Feb. Mar SECTION B QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION Start this question on a NEW page. 2.1 The diagram below shows the alimentary canal of a farm animal. A B E C D F Identify parts A, D and E. (3) Name TWO ways in which part C is adapted to perform its function. (2) Identify part B and estimate the ph of its contents. (2)

8 Agricultural Sciences/P1 8 DBE/Feb. Mar Below is a schematic representation of the components of feeds. Feed Water A Organic matter B Carbohydrate Protein Lipids C Identify the substances represented by A, B and C. (3) Distinguish between an oil and a fat. (2) State the end product of digestion of the following in pigs: (a) Carbohydrate (b) Protein 2.3 The table below is a fodder flow programme for a period of one year. Yield (t/ha) CRITERIA Veld supply 4 25, A Forage/ Millet Lucern 15 19, B TOTAL FEEDS Livestock feed requirement SHORTAGE C 4-27 SURPLUS D E Area (ha) Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun Calculate the difference between the feed requirements and the available feed for September and January. (2) Calculate the total dry matter (DM) available for B. (2) Deduce, from the table, the month when the veld supplied 15 tons of fodder. DM Total

9 Agricultural Sciences/P1 9 DBE/Feb. Mar A total of 2,5 kg of green lucerne with a moisture content of 60% was given to an animal. The animal excreted 0,255 kg of dry matter in the faeces Determine the co-efficient of digestibility of the green lucerne. (5) State the specific nutrient that best fits each of the following descriptions: (a) A micronutrient which occurs in green leafy feeds needed for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body fluids of animals (b) The mineral that is essential for the formation of vitamin B 12 (c) (d) A vitamin that is responsible for healthy skin, hair and connective tissue The mineral that prevents milk fever and fragile bones in dairy cows 2.5 The table below represents the laboratory results of THREE feeds. FEED TDN (%) DP (%) NR : : Calculate the nutritive ratio (NR) of feed 2. (3) Recommend a feed (1, 2 or 3) for milk production in a dairy herd Give ONE reason for the answer to QUESTION Refer to the table and identify the cheapest feed Motivate the answer to QUESTION [35]

10 Agricultural Sciences/P1 10 DBE/Feb. Mar QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL Start this question on a NEW page. 3.1 The picture below indicates a proper housing structure for broiler production. A Name TWO requirements of the roofing material in order to regulate temperature in the above housing structure. (2) Besides roofing material, suggest TWO other ways in which temperature can be regulated in this broiler production enterprise. (2) Name the best orientation of the broiler house in South Africa and give a reason for the answer. (2) Give TWO reasons for the use of part A in the above housing structure. (2)

11 Agricultural Sciences/P1 11 DBE/Feb. Mar Shelters are used in both intensive and extensive farming systems. Besides protecting animals against unfavourable weather conditions and wild animals, they are a means of preventing stock theft and warding off pests in certain situations. Shelters could take the form of planting trees, building kraals or concrete wall structures covered with roofing sheets. Animals exposed to unfavourable weather conditions tend to use up more energy, particularly at very low temperatures Refer to the scenario above and name TWO forms of shelters that could be used by indigenous farmers. (2) Identify THREE adverse consequences that a complete lack of shelters will have on an extensive farming enterprise. (3) Give a reason why animals that are exposed to very low temperatures tend to use up more energy. 3.3 The schematic representation below shows the life cycles of two external parasites (ticks A and B) Refer to the graph above and indicate how long it will take the eggs of tick A to hatch Both ticks (A and B) have long mouth parts. Give TWO reasons why this is to the disadvantage of cattle. (2) Give TWO reasons why livestock farmers should prevent an infestation of parasites on livestock. (2) The best method to control ticks is to destroy adult ticks before the eggs are laid. State TWO reasons why it would be difficult to control the numbers of tick B. (2)

12 Agricultural Sciences/P1 12 DBE/Feb. Mar The South African government plays an important role in the regulation of farming practices. It ensures quarantine services and control measures regarding the import and export of animals. They also conduct research and provide veterinary services Indicate THREE types of animal health research done at the Veterinary Institute. (3) What is the purpose of a quarantine station? (2) Besides the roles mentioned in the above extract, name TWO other roles performed by the state to protect the South African animal industry. (2) 3.5 The table below shows the temperature requirements of different farm animals. FARM ANIMAL LOWER CRITICAL TEMPERATURE ( O C) OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE ( O C) Cow 2 12 Calf Piglet Layer 7 12 Broiler Use the data in the above table and draw a bar graph to indicate the lower critical temperature and the optimum temperature requirements of the farm animals. (6) Which farm animal in the graph has the highest optimum temperature requirement? [35]

13 Agricultural Sciences/P1 13 DBE/Feb. Mar QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Start this question on a NEW page. 4.1 The chart below illustrates the stages of the oestrus cycle of a cow. B C A D (Met-oestrus) Write down the letter (A D) of the stage where the following takes place: (a) (b) (c) Increased vaginal and cervical mucus production Rapid growth of follicles Corpus luteum regresses if no fertilisation occurred The levels of two hormones change during stage C. Name the hormone that: (a) (b) Starts to decrease from a higher to a lower level Reaches its highest level Give the role of the hormone in QUESTION 4.1.2(b) Name the stage of the oestrus cycle represented by B.

14 Agricultural Sciences/P1 14 DBE/Feb. Mar The diagram below represents the female reproductive system. B C D A E F G Write down the letter (A G) of the structure where semen will be deposited: (a) (b) Under natural mating conditions With artificial insemination (AI) Write down the letter (A G) and the name of the structure that: (a) (b) Captures the ripe follicle after ovulation Serves as a site for fertilisation (2) (2) Explain the term ovulation. (2)

15 Agricultural Sciences/P1 15 DBE/Feb. Mar The diagram below represents the process of spermatogenesis. 2n A n B C D Refer to the above diagram and identify the type of cell division that occurs when cell A divides into the cells at B. Motivate the answer. (2) State the stages of spermatogenesis represented by C and D respectively. (2) Name the part of the testes where the process of spermatogenesis takes place Name the part of the reproductive organ where the spermatozoa achieve mobility What is the similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

16 Agricultural Sciences/P1 16 DBE/Feb. Mar Usually, after detecting signs of oestrus in the cow, the farmer takes a bull to the cows for mating to take place Apart from visible and behavioural signs that a cow may show, name THREE devices a farmer may use to detect oestrus in a cow. (3) Give FOUR reproductive hormones, in sequential order, that are produced by a cow from gestation to parturition. (4) 4.5 The initial stages of embryo transfer (ET) involve the treatment of genetically superior cows to superovulate. These cows are then artificially inseminated with semen from proven bulls Define the term superovulate. (2) Name THREE advantages of the process of embryo transfer (ET). (3) Give a reason for using proven bulls. [35] TOTAL SECTION B: GRAND TOTAL:

17 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2016 MEMORANDUM MARKS: 150 This memorandum consists of 9 pages.

18 Agricultural Sciences/P1 2 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum SECTION A QUESTION B A D C C C B A D D (10 x 2) (20) B only Both A and B None Both A and B A only (5 x 2) (10) Vitamin K/phylloquinone Rabies Vaccination Embryonic Oxytocin (5 x 2) (10) Silage Zinc/Zn Pearson square Fluke worm/liver fluke Monozygotic/identical (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45

19 Agricultural Sciences/P1 3 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum SECTION B QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION 2.1 Alimentary canal of fowls Identify A Crop B Duodenum/small intestine E Pancreas (3) Ways in which structure C is adapted Thick, muscular walls for grinding feed Presence of small stones for grinding feed (2) Identification of structure B and estimation of ph Proventriculus/true stomach/glandular stomach ph less than 7/acidic (2) 2.2 A schematic representation of the components of feeds Identification of substances A Dry matter/dm B Inorganic matter/minerals/elements/ash components C Vitamins (3) Distinction between oil and fat Oil Unsaturated/liquid at room temperature/plant origin Fat Saturated/solid at room temperature/animal origin (2) End-products of digestion (a) Carbohydrate Glucose/energy (b) Protein Amino acids (2) 2.3 Fodder flow programme Difference in feed requirement against the available feed for September Feed requirement 66 tons feed available 54 tons = 12 tons deficit/shortage January Feed requirement 49 tons feed available 78 tons = 29 tons surplus/excess Calculation of the total DM available for B = 294 tons The month when the veld supplied 15 tons of fodder February (2)

20 Agricultural Sciences/P1 4 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum 2.4 Co-efficient of digestibility of green lucerne Determination of the co-efficient of digestibility of the green lucerne DC = Dry matter intake (kg) dry matter excreted (kg) x 100 dry matter intake (kg) 1 = DM intake 2,5 kg x 0,6 = 1,5 kg moisture 2,5 kg 1,5 kg = 1,0 kg DM OR DM intake 2,5 kg x 0,4 = 1,0 kg DM = 1,0 kg 0,255 kg x 100 1,0 kg 1 = 74,5 % (5) Specific nutrient which fits each of the following descriptions: (a) Iron/Fe (b) Cobalt/Co (c) Vitamin B 2 /riboflavin (d) Calcium/Ca (4) 2.5 Data representing the laboratory results of THREE feed Calculation of the NR for feed 2 NR = 1: TDN% - DP% DP% = 1: 75% - 15% OR = 1: 60% 15% 15% NR = 1: 4 (3) Identification of the feed (1, 2 or 3) recommended Feed Reason to justify the answer in QUESTION It has a narrower nutritive ratio Suggesting a comparatively higher protein necessary for milk production (Any 1) The cheapest feed Feed Reason for the answer in QUESTION This feed has a lower protein content Feed with lower protein is cheap (Any 1) [35]

21 Agricultural Sciences/P1 5 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL 3.1 An illustration of a proper housing structure for keeping broilers Requirements of the roofing material to regulate temperature Have a reflective surface on the outside Help to reduce conduction of heat (2) TWO other ways in which temperature can be regulated Heat lamps/heaters in cold weather Ventilation systems Air conditioning (Any 2) (2) Best orientation for a broiler house East Reason To reduce the effect of direct sunlight (2) TWO purposes of the part labelled A To allow ventilation/air flow To allow diffused sunlight (2) 3.2 The role of shelter in animal production Forms of shelter Planting trees Building kraals Erecting concrete walls (Any 2) (2) Consequences of lack of shelter Lower/slower growth/production Exposure to predators Exposure to pests Stock theft Higher feed intake when it is cold lower feed intake when it is hot (Any 3) (3) Reason to use up more energy To provide energy to sustain their body temperature 3.3 The life cycles of two external parasites (ticks A and B) Length for hatching of tick A's eggs 1 month Disadvantage to cattle Open wounds form Through which blowflies can attack animals This can cause diseases (Any 2) (2)

22 Agricultural Sciences/P1 6 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum TWO reasons for preventing parasite infestation Infected animals may die/loss of production/income Medication/treatment is expensive/higher production cost (2) Reasons why is it difficult to control the numbers of tick B The adult stage is only found in birds Which is difficult to catch/control/treat (2) 3.4 The role of the state in regulating farming practises Type of research done by the state at the Veterinary Institute Veterinary research to improve vaccines/diagnostic/new products Surveillance/control/preventing diseases Producing disease/blood vaccines (3) Purpose of a quarantine station To isolate/detain animals and prevent diseases/pests entering/spreading in the country (2) Other roles the state play to protect the animal industry Animal health schemes Duties of owners of animals Import bans Importation of vaccines Movement permits (Any 2) (2) 3.5 The temperature required by farm animals Bar graph Temperature ( O C) The temperature requirments of farm animals Lower critical temp. Optimum temp. Cow Calf Piglet Layer Broiler Type of animal

23 Agricultural Sciences/P1 7 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines Correct heading X axis correctly calibrated and labelled (Type of animal) Y axis correctly calibrated and labelled (Temperature) Correct units ( o C) Accuracy Bar graph (6) Deduction of farm animal with highest optimum temperature Piglet [35] QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION 4.1 The stages of the oestrus cycle in a cow Indication of oestrus cycle stages: (a) C (b) B (c) A Hormones during stage C (a) Oestrogen (b) Luteinising hormone The role of the hormone Responsible for the rupturing of the membrane of the Graafian follicle It initiates ovulation (Any 1) Identification of the stage of the oestrus cycle labelled B Pro-oestrus 4.2 The female reproductive tract Deposition of semen: (a) G (b) F/E Identification of the structure collecting the ripe follicle: (a) A Infundibulum (b) B Ampulla (2) (2) Concept of ovulation Process whereby the membrane containing the ripe follicle bursts with the help of LH and the ripe ovum is released into the infundibulum (2)

24 Agricultural Sciences/P1 8 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum 4.3 The process of spermatogenesis Deduction on the type of cell division: Meiosis Reason - genetic material is reduced into half/diploid(2n) changed into haploid (n)/reduction division (2) The stages of spermatogenesis: C Formation of the spermatids D Formation of sperm cells/spermatozoa (2) Part of the testes where spermatogenesis takes place Tubules seminiferous The organ where the spermatozoa achieve mobility Epididymis Similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis Both occur through meiosis to produce haploid cells Both produce gametes/sex cells (Any 1) 4.4 Mating during oestrus Devices to detect oestrus in the cow Pedometer Chin-ball marker Tail-chalking Kamar heatmount detector (Any 3) (3) Sequential order of FOUR reproductive hormones that are produced by a cow Progesterone Luteotrophic hormone/lth/prolactin Relaxin Oxytocin (Any 4) (4)

25 Agricultural Sciences/P1 9 DBE/Feb. Mar Memorandum 4.5 Embryo transfer (ET) and superovulation Definition of superovulation The production of a larger number of ova at one ovulation (2) THREE advantages of embryo transfer (ET) More progeny can be produced Higher profits due to increase in sales Productive lives of cows are increased Genetics of the herd is conserved Superior genes are introduced into the herd (Any 3) (3) Reason for using proven bulls To introduce superior/desirable genes into the herd rapidly and economically [35] TOTAL SECTION B: GRAND TOTAL: