Chabner: The Language of Medicine, 11 th Edition

Transcription

1 Answers to Pronunciation of Terms 5-1 Chabner: The Language of Medicine, 11 th Edition Answers to Pronunciation of Terms Chapter 5: Digestive System Vocabulary and Terminology absorption achlorhydria amino acids amylase anastomosis anus appendectomy appendicitis appendix bile biliary bilirubin bowel buccal mucosa canine teeth cecal cecum celiac cheilosis cholecystectomy choledocholithiasis choledochojejunostomy choledochotomy cholelithiasis colon colonic colonoscopy colostomy Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested. An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars). A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ. The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. Removal or excision of the appendix. Inflammation of the appendix. Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen. Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum). Orange-yellow pigment found in bile. It is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die. Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine. Mucous membrane lining the cheek. Pointed dog-like (canine means dog) next to the incisors. Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon). First part of the large intestine (colon). Pertaining to the abdomen. Abnormal condition of the lip Removal (excision, resection) of the gallbladder. Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct. Surgical anastomosis (creation of a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum. Incision of the common bile duct. Abnormal condition of stones (gallstones) in the gallbladder. Large intestine (bowel). Pertaining to the colon. Visual endoscopic examination of the colon. New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.

2 Answers to Pronunciation of Terms 5-2 Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of common bile duct the small intestine. defecation Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the anus. deglutition Swallowing. dentibuccal Pertaining to the cheek and teeth. Primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered dentin by enamel of the crown. digestion duodenal duodenum elimination emulsification enamel endodontist enterocolitis enteroenterostomy enzyme esophageal esophagus fatty acids facial feces gallbladder gastrointestinal tract gastrojejunostomy gastrostomy gingivitis gluconeogenesis glucose glycogen glycogenolysis hepatoma hepatomegaly hydrochloric acid hyperbilirubinemia hyperglycemia hypoglossal Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms. Pertaining to the duodenum. The first part of the small intestine. Act of removal of materials from the body. Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles. Hard, outermost layer of a tooth. A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth. Inflammation of the small intestine and colon. New opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine. Protein that speeds up the rate of a biochemical reaction. Pertaining to the esophagus. Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. Substances that are produced when fats are digested. Pertaining to the face. Solid wastes; stools. Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored. The tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus. New surgical connection (anastomosis) between the stomach and the jejunum (second part of the small intestine). New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body. Inflammation of gums. Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver. Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells. Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells. Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar. Tumor of the liver. Enlargement of the liver. Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion. High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice. High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; often associated with diabetes mellitus. Pertaining to under the tongue.

3 Answers to Pronunciation of Terms 5-3 ileitis Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine). Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part ileocecal sphincter of the large intestine). ileostomy ileum incisor insulin jejunum labial laparoscopy lipase lithogenesis liver lower esophageal sphincter mastication melena mesentery molar teeth oral orthodontist palate palatopharyngoplasty palatoplasty pancreas pancreatitis papillae parenteral parotid gland perianal periodontist peritonitis peristalsis pharyngeal pharynx portal vein postprandial New opening of the ileum to the outside of the body. Third (and final) portion of the small intestine. One of the four front teeth on either jaw. Hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas which transports sugar from the blood into the cells. Second part of the small intestine. Pertaining to the lip. Process of visually examining the contents of the abdomen (using an endoscope). Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats. Formation of stone (calculi). Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Chewing. Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood. Membrane that holds the intestine together. Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. Pertaining to the mouth. Dentist specializing in straightening teeth. Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat. Surgical repair of the pharynx and palate. Surgical repair of the palate (roof of the mouth). Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells. Inflammation of the pancreas. Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds. Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection. Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. Pertaining to surrounding the anus. Dentist specializing in treating the gums. Inflammation of the peritoneum. Rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures. Pertaining to the throat or pharynx. Throat. Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines. After meals.

4 Answers to Pronunciation of Terms 5-4 Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the premolar teeth canine teeth and in front of the molars. proctologist Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum. protease Enzyme that digests protein. pulp Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels. Ring of muscles that surrounds the opening of the stomach to the pyloric sphincter duodenum. pyloroplasty Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter. pylorus Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum. rectocele Hernia of the rectum. rectum Final section of the colon. rugae saliva salivary glands sialadenitis sialolith sigmoid colon sigmoidoscopy sphincter steatorrhea stomach stomatitis sublingual submandibular triglycerides uvula uvulectomy villi Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach. Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands. Inflammation of a salivary gland. Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct. Distal, lower end of the colon. Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon. Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice. Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat. Organ composed of three main parts: fundus (upper portion), body (middle section), and antrum (lower portion). The stomach prepares food for the small intestine, where further digestion and absorption into the bloodstream take place. Inflammation of the mouth. Pertaining to under the tongue. Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible). Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth. Removal (excision) of the uvula. Finger-like, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids. Pathologic Terminology achalasia anal fistula anorexia aphthous stomatitis ascites borborygmi cholelithiasis cirrhosis Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle (LES) to relax. Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. Lack of appetite. Inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers; canker sores. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract. Gallstones in the gallbladder. Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver.

5 Answers to Pronunciation of Terms 5-5 colonic polyps Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon. colorectal cancer Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both. constipation Difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool). Crohn disease dental caries diarrhea diverticula diverticulosis dysentery dysphagia eructation esophageal cancer esophageal varices etiology flatus gastric cancer gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) hematochezia hemorrhoids hepatocellular carcinoma herpetic stomatitis hiatal hernia icterus idiopathic ileus inflammatory bowel disease inguinal hernia intussusception irritable bowel syndrome jaundice lipoma melena nausea oral leukoplakia pancreatic cancer Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. Tooth decay. Frequent passage of loose, watery stools. Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon. Abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon. Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection. Difficulty in swallowing. Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. Malignant tumor of the esophagus. Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus. Study of the cause of disease. Gas expelled through the anus. Malignant tumor of the stomach. Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. Passage of bright red blood from the rectum. Swollen, twisted veins in the rectal and anal region. Tumor of the liver (also called hepatocellular carcinoma). Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus. Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm. Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Pertaining to unknown cause of disease. Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. Inflammation of the colon and small intestine. A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle. Telescoping of the intestines. Group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating), but without abnormalities in the intestines. Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Benign tumor of fatty tissue. Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood. Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit. White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth. Malignant tumor of the pancreas.

6 Answers to Pronunciation of Terms 5-6 pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. peptic ulcer Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding periodontal disease bone. pyorrhea ulcerative colitis viral hepatitis volvulus Discharge of pus from the gums. Chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers. Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. Twisting of the intestine on itself.