Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(6): Research Article

Transcription

1 Available online Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(6): Research Article ISSN : CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Available Soil Micronutrients Status of Nashik and Kolhapur Districts of Maharashtra using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy Vasant Barhate 1*, Heena Magodia 1, Dinesh Navale 1, Satyavikas Gawade 2 and Archana Kale 2 ABSTRACT V. E. S. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sindhi Society Chembur, Mumbai, India 2 Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd, Chembur, Mumbai, India A study was conducted to quantify the extent of micronutrient deficiency in soils of Nashik and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra (India). Surface soil samples were collected from farmer s fields representing 25 villages from selected two taluka s of Nashik and Kolhapur district of Maharashtra state following sampling procedure of multistage statistical approach. The processed soil samples were analyzed for AB-DTPA extractable Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe using ICP-OES instrument. The result showed that mean value of AB-DTPA Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were 1.14, 7.68, 3.83 and 2.18 mg/kg, respectively for Nashik district. Similarly, an average value of 1.15, 11.63, 4.10 and 1.54 mg/kg for AB- DTPA Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively were observed for Kolhapur district. The data also revealed that all the soil samples analysed for the mean AB-DTPA extractable Cu were well above the critical limits (>0.2 mg/kg) for both Nashik and Kolhapur district. The AB-DTPA extractable micronutrients were relatively higher in soils of slightly acidic to neutral ph than the soils of near neutral to slightly alkaline ph, indicating the plant available micronutrients were more in acidic soils. The results of the studies have potential practical use in determining site-specific nutrient management practices for sustainable crop production, improving nutrient use efficiency, reducing cost of cultivation, and preventing environmental pollution. Keywords: Soil; Micronutrients; AB-DTPA; ICP-OES; ph INTRODUCTION Introduction of high yielding varieties (HYV) coupled with the use of chemical fertilizers and modern irrigation system has achieved a fivefold growth in food grain production over the past 60 years in India [1]. With a predicted population of 1.5 billion by the year 2050, India needs to increase its current food production by 5 Mt as compared to 3.1 Mt year achieved during the past decade [2]. This is a daunting task as there is very little scope for expanding the area under cultivation. Therefore, future food, fuel and fibre requirements will have to be met through increasing agricultural productivity. Hence to meet the ever growing food demand from human and animal population, sustaining crop production is the most critical issue to address. Among the several factors, soil fertility is one of the important factors responsible for sustainable crop production. However, due to the increased crop productivity, the native soils began depleting their nutrient reserves (nutrient mining) and the crops started showing deficiency symptom. In Indian agriculture, nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers are predominantly used by the farmers, often ignoring secondary and micronutrients which resulted in micronutrient deficiency in soils. Further the problem is aggravated by the fact that many modern high yielding cultivars of major crops are highly sensitive to soil poor in micronutrient status and in the intensive cropping areas [3,4]. Various studies also indicated that the factor productivity of various crops declined in spite of use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in balanced proportion [5]. Plants require both macro- and micro nutrients to complete their life cycle. Micronutrients also known as microelements or trace elements are needed in small amount. The quantities of micronutrients needed for sustainable crop production are often three orders of magnitude less than adequate quantities of macronutrients. Although micronutrients are required in small amounts by the plants but play an important role in plant nutrition. The deficiency of any of the micronutrient in soil adversely affects the yield of the crop. In general, micronutrient deficiency is common in coarse 140

2 textured, calcareous and low organic matter content soil [6-8]. Therefore, to meet the challenge of food production in India, balanced use of macro and micro nutrient and maintaining soil fertility is crucial for sustainable crop production. Variation in soil micronutrient content depends on soil properties, climate, and topography and management practices followed during crop production. A management option that makes variable rate of fertilization within a specific region requires better understanding of soil pattern and causes of variability of nutrients. Several research works has been carried out in different parts of India to study the nutrient status of soil in terms of NPK and micronutrients. Similarly there is scanty information available with respect to NPK status of Maharashtra soil. However the information on micronutrient status of different districts of Maharashtra soil is very limited. Therefore, the present investigation was, undertaken to study the micronutrient status of soils from two different districts of Maharashtra region and to devise the strategies to maintain the soil productivity to meet the challenge of food production in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of Study Area For collection of soil samples 25 villages from selected 15 taluka of Nashik district (Niphad, Peth, Sinnar, Baglan, Chandwad, Nandgaon, Nashik, Kalwan, Malegaon, Surgana, Dindori, Trimbak, Igatpuri, Deola and Yeola) and 12 taluka (Chandgadh, Gadhinglaj, Shahuwadi, Panhala, GaganBawada, Hatkangale, Kagal, Kagal, Ajara, Bhudargad, Karvir, RadhaNagari and Shirol) of Kolhapur district of Maharashtra state. The selection of farmers, villages, blocks within each district was made on the basis of a multistage statistical approach. Soil Sample Collection and Analysis Surface soil samples (0 15 cm) were collected from above said areas. Composite bulk soil samples weighing 1 kg were collected from each location (total 776 location for Nashik and 624 for Kolhapur district) following the procedure of quartering method. The bulk soil samples were air-dried, ground in wooden mortar and pestle, and sieved to pass through a 2-mm sieve. The processed soil samples were used for determination of available micronutrient. Preparation of Ammonium bicarbonate-diethylene-triamine penta acetic acid (AB-DTPA) [9]: Ammonium bicarbonate-diethylene-triamine penta acetic acid (AB-DTPA) was prepared by dissolving 1.97 gm of DTPA in 900 ml of deionized water. Then 79 gm of NH 4 HCO 3 was added and stirred gently until both salts dissolved and ph was adjusted to 7.6 by using NH 4 OH or HCL solution and then the final volume was made to one litre. The extracting solution is unstable with regard to ph and was always prepared fresh. AB-DTPA is extractable content in soil by the method suggested by Lindsay and Norvell [10]. DTPA-extractable soil Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn (AB-DTPA-Cu, or - Zn, -Fe, -Mn) were determined by extracting 10 g soil (<2 mm) with 20 ml solution After 2 h continuous shaking at room temperature, the soil suspension was centrifuged and filtered through a Whatman No. 42 filter paper. Copper, Zn, Fe and Mn in the extract were analyzed with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). AB-DTPA-extractable Zn was categorized as deficient (<0.6 mg kg 1 soil) and sufficient (>0.6 mg kg 1 ) soil classes. AB-DTPA-extractable Mn was categorized as deficient (<2.0 mg kg 1 soil) and sufficient (>2.0 mg kg 1 soil) classes. DTPA-extractable Cu was categorized as deficient (<0.2 mg kg 1 soil) and sufficient (>0.2 mg kg 1 soil) classes.dtpaextractable Fe was categorized as deficient (<4.5 mg kg 1 soil) and sufficient (>4.5 mg kg 1 soil) classes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data on soil ph and DTPA extractable micronutrients of soil samples from Nashik and Kolhapur district of were presented in the Tables 1 and 2. For better interpretation of micronutrient status, the data on DTPA extractable micronutrient is presented in two soil ph class, slightly acidic to neutral ph (6.5 to 7.5) and near neutral to slightly alkaline ph (7.5 to 8.5). Micronutrient Status of Nashik and Kolhapur District of Maharashtra The mean value of AB-DTPA extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn for each taluka at their corresponding soil ph is presented in Tables 1 and 2 for Nashik and Kolhapur district, respectively. The results indicated that DTPA Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn value ranged from 0.23 to 2.53 mg/kg, 1.13 to mg/kg, 0.82 to 7.67 mg/kg, 0.82 to 7.67 mg/kg and 0.54 to 5.29 mg/kg with an average value of 1.14, 7.68, 3.83 and 2.18 mg/kg, respectively for Nashik district. Similarly, the value ranged from 0.29 to 2.23 mg/kg, 1.32 to mg/kg, 0.84 to mg/kg and 0.34 to 4.17 mg/kg with an average value of 1.15, 11.63, 4.10 and 1.54 mg/kg for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively for Kolhapur. The results obtained were compared with the critical limits as suggested by Lindsay and Norvell [10] and the data revealed that the mean AB-DTPA extractable Cu of each taluka (average results of soil samples collected from their respective village of the taluka) were above the critical limits (>0.2 mg/kg) for both Nashik and Kolhapur district. In case of available Fe (AB-DTPA extractable), all the soil samples in the acid to near neutral ph range falls under sufficiency range (>4.5 mg/kg), whereas except Nanadgao (11.2 mg/kg) and Kalwan (11.79 mg/kg) taluka, all other 141

3 taluka of Nashik district at near neutral to alkaline ph are well below the critical limits (<4.5 mg/kg). The results indicates that deficiency of available Fe in the soils of near neutral to slightly alkaline ph were predominant in thirteen out of fifteen taluka of Nashik district. Similar trend were also observed in Kolhapur district soils of slightly acid to near neutral ph showing sufficiency in available Fe. In contrast to Nashik district, all the taluka of Kolhapur district samples were deficient (<4.5 mg/kg) in available Fe. AB-DTPA extractable Mn in soil samples of slightly acidic to near neutral ph range showed sufficient in available Cu in both Nashik and Kolhapur districts. On the contrary, the soils of near neutral to slightly alkaline ph range confirmed that available Mn are well below the critical limit value of 2 mg/kg in all the taluka of Kolhapur district and with the exception of Nashik (2.73 mg/kg), Nanadgao (7.03 mg/kg), Kalwan (6.56 mg/kg) and Igatpuri (3.43 mg/kg) taluka of Nashik district of Maharashtra which were well above the critical limit value (>2.0 mg/kg). In both the districts (Nashik and Kolhapur) of Maharashtra, the AB-DTPA extractable value in all the taluka soil samples of slightly acidic to near neutral ph were found to be well above the critical limit value (>0.6 mg/kg), indicating none of the soil samples under the said ph value was deficient in plant available Zn. Similarly, soil samples of near neutral to alkaline ph from all the taluka in case of Nashik district were more than the critical limit value, whereas out of twelve taluka of Kolhapur district studied, only 5 taluka (Aajara-0.83mg/kg; Panhala-0.67 mg/kg; Bhudargad-1.53 mg/kg; Karvir-0.68 mg/kg and Shirol mg/kg) showed sufficient in plant available Zn. Table 1: Micronutrient status of Nashik district Sr. No. Taluka ph Range Available Micronutrient (ppm) Cu Fe Mn Zn 1 Niphad 6.5 to to Peth 6.5 to to Sinnar 6.5 to to Dindori 6.5 to to Baglan 6.5 to to Chandwad 6.5 to to Yeola 6.5 to to Surgana 6.5 to to Nashik 6.5 to to Nanadgao 6.5 to to Kalwan 6.5 to to Malegaon 6.5 to to Igatpuri 6.5 to to Trimbak 6.5 to to Deola 6.5 to to Average 6.5 to to Percent Distribution of Soil Samples Deficient in Micronutrient Among the micronutrients analyzed from Nashik district, the per cent deficiency is highest for AB-DTPA extractable Fe (47.7%) followed by Mn (42.9%), Zn (22.4%) and Cu (10.1%). Similar trend were also observed in Kolhapur district with 48.9% samples falls under deficient category (below critical limit) for AB-DTPA extractable Fe followed by 45.8%, 27.4% and 4.5% deficient in Mn, Zn and Cu respectively (Figure 1). The result clearly indicates that the per cent distribution of deficient sample was more in Kolhapur district as compared to Nashik district with respect to Fe, Mn and Zn respectively. On the contrary, the per cent distribution of soil samples that are below the critical limit for AB-DTPA extractable Cu indicating deficiency was more in Nashik district than Kolhapur district. It might be due to less use of micronutrient as fertilizer especially for Fe, Mn and Zn in Kolhapur district as compared to Nashik district. It is 142

4 surprising to observe from the result that Zn deficiency is less than Fe and Mn which might be due to use of Zn fertilizers by farmers in recent years and neglecting the other micronutrients have resulted in an increase of AB-DTPA- Zn contents in soils [11]. Table 2: Micronutrient status of Kolhapur district Sr No. Taluka ph Range Available Micronutrient (ppm) Cu Fe Mn Zn 1 Kagal 6.5 to to Aajara 6.5 to to Chandgadh 6.5 to to Gadhinglaj 6.5 to to RadhaNagari 6.5 to to GaganBawada 6.5 to to Shahuwadi 6.5 to to Panhala 6.5 to to Hatkangale 6.5 to to Bhudargad 6.5 to to Karvir 6.5 to to Shirol 6.5 to to Average 6.5 to to Sidhu and Sharma also reported that soils once deficient in Zn have been gradually reduced, whereas the extent of other micronutrient deficiency have come up in recent years in several parts of India [11]. Further, a study conducted by Sharma et al. also revealed an increase in the deficiency of Fe and Mn in highly permeable coarse-textured soils of Siwalik Hills [12]. Therefore, it is necessary to educate farmers to use micronutrient fertilizer that are deficient along with the macronutrient fertilizers for maintaining soil health and sustainable crop production. Thus systematic monitoring of micronutrient status in soils is essential to make suitable fertilizer recommendations under areas of intensive agriculture for various crops and cropping system [13-15]. Figure 1: Distribution of soil sample deficient in micronutrient of Nashik and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra Influence of Soil ph on AB-DTPA Extractable Content The AB-DTPA extractable micronutrient content (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) of soil samples analyzed from different taluka of Nashik and Kolhapur district are represented in the Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The results indicates that all the four AB-DTPA extractable micronutrients were relatively higher in soils of slightly acidic to neutral ph than the soils of near neutral to slightly alkaline ph. In all the taluka of both Nashik and Kolhapur district of Maharashtra, the soil 143

5 samples of slightly acidic to near neutral ph showed well above the critical limits value with respect to AB-DTPA extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, indicating that plant available micronutrients were more in acidic soils which favour plant growth and development. Also the soil samples in near neutral to alkaline ph range showed sufficient in AB- DTPA extractable Cu in all the taluka studied in both the district of Maharashtra, however, other micronutrient (Fe, Mn and Zn) showed large variation across taluka different transects of both the district of Maharashtra in sufficiency and deficiency limit. Since soil characteristics and the management practices a considerable bearing on the micronutrient availability which differs widely from one place to the other. For example the deficiency of Zn is mainly associated with soils having coarse texture, high ph, low OC, and high CaCO 3 [4,11,16]. As a result, the magnitude of the deficiency of different micronutrients varied and the same was reflected in our study area. Figure 2: Soil ph effect on AB-DTPA extractable micronutrient content in Nasik district Figure 3: Soil ph effect on AB-DTPA extractable micronutrient content in Kolhapur district CONCLUSION Intensive cropping system and increase in use of NPK fertilizers alone, the deficiency of micronutrients poses a threat to crop production. The study revealed that the extent of Fe and Mn deficiency was more than Zn and Cu deficiency in both the districts (Nashik and Kolhapur) of Maharashtra. Application of the Method The results of the studies have potential practical use in determining site-specific nutrient management practices for sustainable crop production, improving nutrient use efficiency, reducing cost of cultivation, and preventing environmental pollution. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to Management of M/S Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd (A Govt. Of India Undertaking), for Providing Soil Samples use of facility for Analysis and granting permission to carry out the research work for the said Research Project. REFERENCES 144

6 [1] JS Kanwar; NS Randhawa. ICAR Tech Bull (Agric). 1974, 50, [2] SL Tisdale, WL Nelson. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, Macmillan publishing company. New York, USA [3] BD Sharma; SS Mukhopadhaya; PS Sidhu; JC Katyal. Geoderma. 2000, 56, 31. [4] JC Katyal; BD Sharma. Geoderma. 1991, 49, [5] MV Singh. Indian J Agric Sci. 1988, 58(11), [6] BS Dwivedi; M Ram; BP Singh; M Das; RN Prasad. Indian J Agr Sci. 1990, 60, [7] AK Mondal; S Pal; B Mandal; LN Mandal. Indian J Agr Sci. 1991, 61, [8] A Niaz; AM Ranjha; AR Hannan; M Waqas. Pak J Agri Sci. 2007, 44, [9] PN Soltanpour. Commun Soil Sci Plan. 1985, 16, [10] SL Lindsay; WA Norvell. Soil Sci Soc Amer J. 1978, 42, [11] GS Sidhu; BD Sharma. Commun Soil Sci Plan. 2010, 41, [12] BD Sharma; HS Jassal; JS Sawhney; PS Sidhu. Arid Soil Res Rehab. 1999, 13, [13] GU Malewar. J Indian Soc Soil Sci. 2005, 53, [14] SP Gupta; MV Singh; ML Dixit. Indian J Fert. 2007, (3)5, 57. [15] SR Mane; AR Dhage; RN Adsule. J Mah Agri Uni. 1999, 24(3), [16] BD Sharma; PS Sidhu; VK Nayyar. Arid Soil Res Rehab. 1992, 6,