Distribution of Available Macro and Micronutrients in Soils of Dewas District of Madhya Pradesh

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1 Vol.2 No. 2, (2013) Received.Feb.2013; Accepted Aug Distribution of Available Macro and Micronutrients in Soils of Dewas District of Madhya Pradesh Abstract Ankita Pandey, Laxmi, R. J. Tiwari and R. P. Sharma Krishi Vigyan Kendra, R. V. S. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh 125 soil samples were studied for macro and micronutrients of Sonkatch and Dewas tehsil of Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh. The DTPA-Fe varies from 3.39 to 6.61 mg kg -1 with mean value of 4.80 mg kg % samples were deficient, 24% marginal and 56.8% in sufficient. The DTPA-Zn ranged from 0.38 to 0.74 mg kg -1 with mean value (0.54 mg kg -1. Out of 125 samples, 53.6% samples were found to be deficient and remaining are sufficient in DTPA-Zn. Available copper content in soil samples varied from 0.08 to 0.16 mg kg -1 with mean value of 0.12 mg kg % of soil samples were deficient in available Cu. The DTPA-Mn varied from 1.83 to 3.57 mg kg -1 with mean value of 2.59 mg kg % samples were as medium and 96.7% as high. The availability of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn increased significantly with increase in organic carbon. DTPA - Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn had negatively significant correlation with ph, EC and calcium carbonate. Key words: Macro and micronutrients, soils, Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh Introduction The increasing use of NPK fertilizers without supplementing micronutrients has, no doubt, remarkably increased the food production but also resulted micronutrients deficiencies by depleting their soil resources. The trends of micronutrient deficiencies are changing, instead of single nutrient deficiency, cluster of micronutrient deficiencies are emerging fast in vast area [1]. Increasing multi-micronutrient deficiencies in soil and crops not only affect the crop productivity but also create malnutrition and health problems. Therefore, inclusion of micronutrients in balanced fertilization concept is gaining momentum. The availability of micronutrients to plants is influenced by other soil characteristics. For an effective correction of a micronutrient deficiency in the field, it is necessary to understand the reasons of its deficiency in the soil. Work on micronutrient in soils of Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh has not been done much more so far. Hence, the present investigation has been undertaken to study the status of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) in soils of Sonkatch and Dewas blocks of Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh and their relationship with the important soil characteristics. Material and Methods 5 soil samples (0 15 cm) from each village (13 village from Sonkatch tehsil and 12 villages from Dewas tehsil) 108

2 of Dewas district (total 125 samples) were collected with the help of a wooden khurpi. Samples were completely air-dried and passed through 2 mm sieve and stored in properly labeled plastic bags for analysis. Processed soil samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties, macro and micronutrients by using [2, 6, 7, and 9]. standard procedures Results and Discussion Physico-chemical properties All the samples studied were moderately alkaline ( ) which appeared to be influenced by parent material, rainfall and topography. The higher ph could be due to increase in accumulation of exchangeable sodium and calcium carbonate. The electrical value varies from 0.35 to 0.61 ds m -1 ; it showed a considerable variation with type of topography of soils. The calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) content of soil, which varies from 2.5 to 4.5 % with mean value of 3.6%, is a useful parameter to assess the extent of nutrient availability and their release behaviour. In semi-arid regions, since rainfall is less as compared to annual evapo-transpiration, less water is available for the leaching of insoluble carbonates and bicarbonates of the calcium (Table 1). Organic carbon content varied from 0.39 to 0.76 per cent with an average value of 0.55 per cent. Most of the soil samples were found to be medium in organic carbon content (Table 1). The low organic carbon content in these soils may be attributed to the poor vegetation and high rate of organic matter decomposition under hyperthermic temperature regime which leads to extremely high oxidizing conditions. Removal of the surface soil containing high organic carbon due to erosion was responsible for the lower organic carbon [8]. Besides this, coursetextured soils are generally low in organic carbon (Yadav and Meena 2009). The results confirm the finding [11]. Available Nitrogen and Effect of Soil Available N content varied from 180 to 281 kg ha -1 with an average value of 226 kg ha -1. On the basis of the rating suggested by Subbaiah and Asija (1956), 83.2 % samples were low (< 250 N kg ha - 1 ) and remaining 16.8 % medium (250 to 500 N kg ha -1 ) in available N. A significant positive correlation (r = ) was between organic carbon and available nitrogen. Available N was negatively and significant correlated with ph (r = ) and electrical conductivity (r = ) and calcium carbonate (r = ) (Table 2). This might be due to increased rate of denitrification at lower values. Similar results were also reported by Meena et al. [5]. Available phosphorus and Effect of Soil The available phosphorus content varied from 16.7 kg ha -1 to 26.0 kg ha -1 with a mean value of 20.9 kg ha -1. The range is quite large which might be due to variation in soil properties viz ph, calcareousness, organic matter content, texture and various management and agronomic practices. On the basis of the limits suggested by Muhr et al. (1963), 28.8 % samples were low (< 20 P kg ha -1 ) and remaining 71.2 % samples fall under medium in available phosphorus. A significant positive correlation (r = ) was observed between organic carbon and available phosphorus. This relationship might be due to the presence of more than 109

3 50% of phosphorus in organic forms and after the decomposition of organic matter as humus is formed which forms complex with Al and Fe and that is a protective cover for P fixation with Al and Fe thus reduce phosphorus adsorption/ phosphate fixation. Available phosphorus was significant and negatively correlated with ph (r = ), EC (r = ) and calcium carbonate (r = ) (Table 2) because at highest ph calcium can precipitate with phosphorus as Ca-phosphate and reduce phosphorus availability. Similar results were also reported by Meena et al. [5]. Available potassium and Effect of Soil Status of available potassium in the soils ranged from 368 to 469 kg ha -1 with an average of 414 kg ha -1. According to Muhr et al. (1963) none of the samples were found in low (<125 kg ha -1 ) and medium (125 to 300 kg ha -1 ). However, 100% samples were high (>300 kg ha -1 ) in potassium content. A significant positive correlation (r = ) was observed between organic carbon and available potassium content. Available potassium was significant and negatively correlated with ph (r = ), EC (r = ) and calcium carbonate (r = ) (Table 2). This might be due to creation of favourable soil environment with presence of high organic matter. Similar results were also reported by Meena et al. [5]. Available suphur and Effect of Soil Available sulphur in the studied soils varied from 14.0 to 21.9 kg ha -1 with an average value of 17.6 kg ha -1. On the basis of the suggested by rating low (<20 kg ha -1 ), medium (20 to 40 kg ha -1 ) and high ((>40 kg ha -1 ) for sulphur content the 92% samples categories were low and 8% samples were medium. None of the samples were found in high amount. This may be due to organic sulphur constitutes the major share. A significant positive correlation (r = ) was between organic carbon and available sulphur. Available S was negatively and significant correlated with ph (r = ), electrical conductivity (r = ) and calcium carbonate (r = ) (Table 2). The result resembles to the findings of Das et al. [3]. Available micronutrients and Effect of Soil The content of DTPA-Fe in soils varies from 3.39 to 6.61 mg kg -1 with an average value of 4.80 mg kg -1. Considering the critical limits (2.5 to 4.5 mg kg -1 ) proposed by Lindsay and Norvell (1978), 43.2% samples were found deficient, 24% marginal and 56.8% in sufficient range (Table 1). It had significant and positive correlation with available OC (0.9991). It was negative and significant correlation with ph (r = ), EC (r = ) and CaCO 3 (r = ) (Table 2). The DTPA-Zn in soils varied considerably and ranged from 0.38 to 0.74 mg kg -1. The mean value (0.54 mg kg -1 ) of available zinc was in nearly critical limit (<0.6 mg kg -1 ) of Zn as suggested by Bansal and Takkar (1986). Out of 125 samples, 53.6% samples were found to be deficient in DTPA-Zn. The samples falling under sufficient category (more than 0.6 mg kg -1 ) were further segregated in to three sub-classes namely 110

4 Table 1. Salient soil properties (weighed mean) of the study area Villages ph EC CaCO 3 OC Available nutrients (kg ha -1 ) DTPA micronutrients (mg/kg) ds/m (%) (%) N P K S Fe Zn Cu Mn Sonkatch Narana Nan dh khedi Moudi Farmpiplya Agera Lalakhedi Sonkatchi Karadiapadi Hermenabad Kanakhauria Beesakhedi Manasa Enabad

5 Average Dewas Singawada Bangar Baragarg Badoli Deor Nagukhedi Lohari Karanakhedi Mukundkhedi Khajuria jagir Nousarabad Bheemasi Average Overall

6 Table 2. Correlation coefficient between available nutrients and physico-chemical properties of soil Available nutrients ph EC OC CaCO 3 N P K S Fe Zn Cu Mn sufficient (0.6 to 1.2 mg kg -1 ), adequate (1.2 to 2.4 mg kg -1 ) and high (>2.4 mg kg -1 ) in DTPA-Zn and the corresponding samples in these classes were, 46.4%, 0% and 0%, respectively (Table 1). The availability of Zn increased significantly with increase in organic carbon (r =0.9980). The results confirm the earlier findings [10]. DTPA-Zn was negatively and significantly correlated with ph (r = ) and EC (r = ) and CaCO 3 (r = ) (Table 2). Available copper content in soil samples varied from 0.08 to 0.16 mg kg -1 with mean value of 0.12 mg kg % of soil samples were deficient in available Cu considering critical limits (< 0.2 mg kg -1 low, mg kg -1 medium and > 0.4 mg kg -1 high) [4]. The availability of Cu increased significantly with increase in OC (0.9967). It was non-significant and negative correlation with ph (r = ), EC (r = ), CaCO 3 (r = ) (Table 2). The DTPA-Mn in the soil samples varied from 1.83 to 3.57 mg kg -1 with an average value of 2.59 mg kg -1. Considering the critical limits ((< 1 mg kg - 1 low, 1-2 mg kg -1 medium and > 2 mg kg -1 high) as suggested by Lindsay and Norvell [10], 3.2% as medium and 96.7% as high. It had significant and positive correlation with available OC (0.9976). It was negative and significant correlation with ph (r = ), EC (r = ) and CaCO 3 (r = ) (Table 2). References 1. Bansal, R. L. and Takkar, P. N. (1986). Micronutrient status of soils in Amritsar district. Indian Journal of Ecology 13, Chesnin L. and Yein C. H. (1951). Turbimetric determination of available sulphate in soil. Proceeding of Soil Science Society of America 15: Das, Indranil, Ghosh, Koushik, Ray, S. C., Mukhopadhyay, P. K. 113

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