Effect of high plane of nutrition on the performance of Haemonchus contortus infected kids

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1 Effect of high plane of nutrition on e performance of Haemonchus contortus infected kids A. K. Paak, S. P. Tiwari Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Anjora, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India Corresponding auor A. K. Paak, dranand_paak@yahoo.com, drakp_74@rediffmail.com Received: , Accepted: , Published online: How to cite is article: Paak AK and Tiwari SP (2013) Effect of high plane of nutrition on e performance of Haemonchus contortus infected kids, Vet World 6(1): Abstract Aim: To determine e effect of severity of Haemonchus contortus infection on performance and economics of raising kids fed on two respective plane of nutrition. Materials and Meods: The feeding trial was conducted for 120 days wi non-descript female kids (3-5 mons age). The kids were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments having normal protein normal energy (NPNE) and high protein medium energy (HPME) using conventional feedstuffs (crushed maize, ground nut cake, berseem hay and chaffed paddy straw), fortified wi mineral mixture (1%), salt (0.5%) and vitamin premix (@ 20gq feed), each treatment having ree levels of H. contortus infection (W 0, W and W ) in a 2x3 factorial design. The study was undertaken to ascertain e performance and economics of raising kids fed on higher plane of nutrition. Results: The total dry matter intake (DMI: kg) was 41.18, and in W0, W and W in group HPME; whereas in NPNE e DMI was 39.66, and kg in e respective infection levels. The highest body weight gain was obtained in st HPME an NPNE from 1 to 16 week of experiment. The infected kids at NPNE gained at a slower rate as compared to e kids maintained at HPME. The mean percentage of monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils fluctuated in different ways roughout e experiment wiout any significant difference and ese cells were not followed any specific trend. However, significantly higher (P<0.05) eosinophils count was recoed in W and W of HPME fed kids as compared to W and W of NPNE fed kids. In e present study e maximum benefit could be obtained by feeding of HPME diet wi W infection as compared to oer treatments. Conclusions: The cost of raising kids per kg meat was worked out to be e most economical at high plane of nutrition even wi e heavy H. contortus infection. Keywos: economics, Haemonchus contortus infection; kids, performance, plane of nutrition Introduction The recurring losses in productivity and profit due to Haemonchus contortus infection are a common problem for small ruminants' production in e most part of e world [1-7]. This condition becomes worse in e malnourished animals. This shows a significant relationship between nutrition and infection. Enhanced nutrition can affect e ability of e host to cope wi e consequences of parasitism and to tolerate or overcome parasitism [82]. Many workers [135] have demonstrated at parasitic infestation adversely reduced DMI in small ruminants and at was improved by high quality feed supplementation [16]. Similarly, highly metabolizable protein diets have been shown to increase resistance of lambs against H. contortus [17]. Well-fed animals can wistand e harmful effects of GI parasitism, can remain reasonably productive and may require less anelmintic treatments when compared wi undernourished animals [18,19]. On high plane of nutrition, animals do not have to repartition protein from productive functions such as muscle, bone and wool grow towas repair functions of e GI tract, plasma and blood replacement [8]. A more recent update of e implications and interactions of nutrients and parasites in small ruminants have been discussed by Jackson [20], Aanasiadou et al. [21], as well as wi an emphasis in goats by Hoste et al. [22]. However, is field of investigation is still unexplored which needs to be exploited for e better heal of e animals. Therefore is field has been considered to be a recent trend to find out a suitable performance index of parasitized animals. It would provide a proficient indication to develop a novel feed formula for e animals in accoance wi intensity of parasitic infections. Keeping is in view, e present study was planned to ascertain e effect of severity of H. contortus infection on performance and economics of raising kids fed on high plane of nutrition. Materials and Meods Twenty four non-descript goat kids (3-5 mons) were randomly allocated into six equal groups. Two diets normal protein normal energy (NPNE) and high protein medium energy (HPME) were fed to kids 22

2 Table. Differential leucocytes count (%) of kids fed on different diets wi H. contortus Parameters Periods Infection SEM Diets SEM (Weeks) W0 W W NPNE HPME Monocytes Lymphocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils a b c a b c & A : Means wi different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05) having ree levels of H. contortus infection (W 0, W, Committee was taken prior to start of e experimental W ) in a 2x3 factorial design [23] for experimental study. period of 120 days. Results and Discussion The NPNE diet contained berseem hay and chopped rice straw as source of roughage in e ratio of The average dry matter intake (gd ) of entire 60:40 and crushed 100g/d/kid as source of feeding trial at weekly interval in various groups has concentrate ingredient. However, e HPME diet been presented in Fig1. The difference between NPNE contained berseem hay and chopped rice straw in e nd and HPME was found to be significant at 2 week. The ratio of 90:10 and crushed maize and groundnut cake same trend maintained till e end of e experiment (50:50) as concentrate. The diets were supplemented except on 5 week. Significantly (P<0.05) higher DMI wi mineral mixture (1%), salt (0.5%) and vitamin was reported in HPME an at of in NPNE. No premix (20g/q feed). The diets were formulated on e significant difference was observed between different basis of DCP and TDN requirement of kids for level of infection (W 0, W and W ) at varying levels maintenance and grow as per NRC [24]. The of nutrition (NPNE and HPME) before e adminiformulated diets contained 7% DCP and 57.3% TDN in stration of H. contortus infection. However, it was NPNE while 13.15% DCP and 62.5% TDN in HPME. statistically significant after 5 week post infection and All e kids were kept under uniform manage- till e end of experiment. The highest DMI was mental conditions by housing em in a well-ventilated obtained in W 0 kids followed by W and lowest in shed wi facilities for individual feeding. All kids W kids. The DMI in W kids of NPNE group was were dewormed and vaccinated accoing to standa protocol before e start of experiment. The feeding found to be drastically reduced at 3 week post trial was lasted for 120 days. Daily reco of feed infection on wa as compared to W kids of HPME. intake was done. All kids were weighed weekly at ree As e period of infection increased e DMI was also consecutive days during e entire experiment. Daily increased but in W and W kids it was not increased gain in body weight of kids was determined by as at of kids wiout infection. subtracting e initial body weight from e final body The initial and final body weight (kg), total body weight. The blood samples were collected from all kids weight gain (kg) and body weight gain (gd ) at weekly after giving ree weeks of infection. The collection interval during e entire experiment (120 days) were was done at weekly interval till e 8 week post presented in Table-2 and Fig-2. Difference in body infection. lood smears were prepared immediately weight gain (P<0.05) between NPNE and HPME kids after blood collection. It was stained wi Leishman's was started early in e experiment but it was only stain. Thereafter counting was done for Neutrophils, pronounced after 3 week post infection. It was noted asophils, Eosinophils and lymphocytes. at e differences of weight gain between NPNE and Eical Consideration: HPME fed kids were statistically significant at e time Permission of e Institutional Animal Eics of zero infection. Wiin NPNE, e differences in 23

3 Table-2. Least square means for different parameters of kids fed on diets at varying level of H. contortus infection Parameters NPNE HPME W0 W W W0 W W Initial body weight (kg) ba aa aa b a a Final body weight (kg) A A A Total DMI (kg) Cost of feed (Rs/kg) Concentrate Roughage Total cost (Rs) ca ba aa c b a Total body weight gain(kg) ca ba aa c b a Total cost of meat (Rs) aa ba ca a b c Feeding cost/ Kg meat (Rs) ca ba aa c b a Profit / loss (Rs) Cost of dewormer (Rs) aa ba ba b a a Total expenditure (Rs) (Feed + dewormer cost) Net profit / loss (Rs) Cost of meat was considered at e local market price of Rs 100 / kg. a b c & A : Means wi different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05) ba aa c b a body weight gain due to W and W infections were concentration of eosinophils in Trichostrongylus. more. However, wiin HPME ese differences were colubriformis infected lambs supplemented wi fish not so large. This was due to compensatory grow of meal. In accoance to e earlier report [26] in kids because of HPME diet. The daily body weight Nematodirus battus and H. contortus infected sheep gain was found to be highest in W followed by W and where high protein intake significantly increased 0 W. The interaction between diets and infection differ eosinophil numbers [27]. Eosinophils have been used significantly (P<0.05) only after 5 week post infection. as selection indices for breeding sheep wi an enhanced resistance to parasites [28,29]. Various workers [30,31] The data of DLC from 3 to 8 week post infection suggested at pro-inflammatory cytokines are linked of kids fed on different diets are presented in Table. to alterations in nutrient uptake and utilization. The values of monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils The economics of raising kids wi varying level fluctuated in different ways and ese cells were not followed any specific trend. These values were wi in of nutrition under different intensity of H. contortus e normal physiological range. The mean percentage infection have been given in Table-2. It was observed of monocytes was found to be maximum in HPME an at HPME fed kids gained more body weight as at of NPNE during e entire experiment but it was found statistically non significant. The difference between dietary treatment, levels of infection and eir interaction were statistically non significant. Similar observation was also reported by earlier worker [13] in H. contortus infected sheep. Alough e eosinophils count was found statistically significant in NPNE and HPME wi e various levels of infection (W 0, W and W ). The maximum eosinophils count was obtained in W and W where kids were fed HPME diet as compared to W and W where ere kids fed NPNE diet. Earlier workers [25] also reported increased compared to NPNE. It was found to be higher in control kids (W 0) an in W infected kids and least gain was recoed in W kids. In earlier report it was found at e H. contortus infected kids [32] and lambs [27] gained more weight when given high protein diet an low protein diet. The depression in intake was accounted for over 60% of e difference in weight gain between T. colubriformis infected and control [33] while about 73% of difference in weight gain between O. ostertagi infected and ad-lib fed control calves [34]. Similar studies had shown at during infection wi H. contortus kids [32] and sheep [35,36] offered a high 24

4 protein diet attained a more live weight gains an ose of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Indira offered a low protein diet. The rate of expulsion of Gandhi Agricultural University, Anjora, Durg gastrointestinal nematode parasites was related to e (Chhattisgarh), India, for extending e financial and level of supplementation [25]. Protein supplemen- oer facilities to accomplish e study. tation had beneficial effect on bo resistance and Competing interests resilience of dairy goats to nematode trickle infection [37]. The faecal egg counts were lowered and The auors declare at ey have no competing interests. eosinophil counts were higher in e animals receiving References e high protein diet. Supplementation of metabolizable 1. Urquhart, G. M. (1980). Application of immunity in e protein enhanced e resistance to infection from T. control of parasitic disease. Vet. Parasitol. 6: colubriformis in lambs [38]. Immunomanipulation 2. Sykes, A. R. (1994). Parasitism and production in farm rough optimized nutrition [21,39] offers some animals. Anim. Prod. 59: advantage in reducing e numbers of anelmintic 3. Van Wyk, J.A., Malan, F.S. & a, G.F. (1997). Rampant anelmintic resistance in sheep in Sou Africa What are treatments at animals require. Host acquired e Options? In: Managing Anelmintic Resistance in immunity is one e most important factors influencing Endoparasites, (Eds. Van Wyk, J.A. & Van Schalkwyk, P.C.) epidemiological differences between e various Workshop held at e 16 Int. Conference of e WAAVP, Sun gastrointestinal nematode parasites and e host plane City, Sou Africa. pp Waller, P.J. (1999). International approaches to e control of of nutrition is a crucial element at influences its nematode parasites of livestock. Int. J. Parasitol. 29: development and maintenance [5]. Therefore e result of e present study suggested at e diet fed to kids 5. Jackson, F., artley, D., artley, Y. and Kenyon, F. (2009). wi HPME, tended to ameliorate e adverse effect of Worm control in sheep in e future. Small Rum. Res. 86: H. contortus infection (W and W ). The higher 6. West, D. M., Pomroy, W. E., Kenyon, P. R., Morris, S. T., protein level improved daily gain in body weight in Smi, S. L. and urnham, D. L. (2009). Estimating e cost kids. The feeding cost per kg meat produced was found of subclinical parasitism in grazing ewes. Small Rum. Res. to be reduced due to feeding of HPME diet as compared 86: Vatta, A.F., Waller, P.J., Giiori, J.., Medley, G.F. (2009). to NPNE diet. It was worked out to be Rs , 62.25, The potential to control Haemonchus contortus in per kg meat in HPME against Rs 52.76, indigenous Sou African goats wi copper oxide wire and per kg meat in NPNE at ree levels (W 0, particles. Vet. Parasitol. 162 (3 4): W and W ) of infection respectively. The maximum 8. Coop, R. L. and Holmes, P. H. (1996). Nutrition and Parasitic Interaction. Int. J. Parasitol. 26: benefit could be obtained by feeding of HPME diet 9. Van Houtert, M.J.F. and Sykes, A.R. (1996). Implications of wi W infection as compared to any oer level of nutrition for e ability of ruminants to wistand infection eier wi HPME or NPNE diet. In is way gastrointestinal nematode infections. Int. J. Parasitol. 26: ere is a clear cut saving of at least Rs per kg of 10. Aanasiadou, S., Kyriazakis, I., Giannenas, I., meat. This might be due to e compensatory grow of Papachristou, T.G. (2009). Nutritional consequences on e kids in HPME due to supply of additional protein and outcome of parasitic challenges on small ruminants. In: energy resulting into fast recovery in such diet. The Papachristou, T.G., Parissi, Z.M., en Salem, H., Morand- kids fed NPNE diet wi W infection required Fehr, P. (Eds.), Nutritional and Foraging Ecology of Sheep and Goats. CIHEAMFAO- NAGREF, Zaragoza, Spain, pp. repeated deworming which increased e total cost of kid raising. However in HPME group no furer 11. Maherisis, N., M. Chaichi Semsari,. Eshratkhah, M. deworming was done. Sadaghian, A. Gorbani and Hassanpour, S. (2011). Evaluation of e effects of Quebracho condensed tannin on Conclusions faecal egg counts during naturally acquired mixed nematode infections in Moghani sheep. Annals iol. Res. 2 (2): 170- It may be concluded at e increased number of 174. eosinophils in HPME fed kids during H. contortus 12. Sadaghian, M., S. Hassanpour, N. Maheri-Sis,. infection may provide an index of a protective immune Eshratkhah, A. Gorbani and Chaichi-Semsari, M. (2011). Effects of different levels of wattle tannin drenches on faecal response of kids to H. contortus infection. The infected egg counts during naturally acquired mixed nematode kids at e normal levels of dietary protein and energy infections in Moghani sheep. Annals iol. Res. 2 (1): 226- gained at a slower rate as compared to e kids 230. maintained at a higher level of protein and energy. The 13. 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