Outlook of Thai tapioca industry
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- Tyrone Lucas
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1 Outlook of Thai tapioca industry Assoc. Prof. Dr. Klanarong Sriroth (SCST) A collaborative specialized research unit between Kasetsart University and National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) World Tapioca Conference June 2013 Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, THAILAND
2 Tapioca Manihot esculenta Crantz Mandioca Manioc Yuca Tapioca Cassava
3 Cassava is a cash crop of Thai farmers Source: FAO, 2009 Planting area (million ha) Yield (million tons) Yield per area (tons/ha) World Nigeria (20%) Brazil (12%) Thailand (12%) rd world root production after Nigeria and Brazil - Total planting area = 7.4 Million Rai or 1.2 Million hectare - Mostly grown in North eastern, eastern part - Root productivity = 3.5 tons /Rai or 22 tons / hectare (World average = 12 tons / hectare) - 1 st producer and exporter of cassava-derived products
4 Cassava Beyond the farmer s cash crop, cassava is an industrial crop - Chips - Pellets - Starches: Native & Modified Quantity (million tons) Chip Native starch Modified starch Pellet Value (million Bahts) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Chip Native starch Modified starch Pellet Year Export volume of Thai cassava products during Year Export value of Thai cassava products during
5 Growers Cassava roots Small/ medium processor Cassava chips Local consumption Pellet companies (Pelletization) Large scale processor Cassava starch (native) Modification/Hydrolysis /Fermentation - Animal feed - Ethanol -Citric acid (13% of total roots) Pellets Export market (32% of total roots) - Modified starch - Sweeteners & derivatives - Amino acids - Organic acids Local consumption (19% of total roots) Export market (36% of total roots) Market structure of Thai cassava industry Source: Thai Tapioca Starch Association, TTSA (2010)
6 The world No. 1 of tapioca exporter Use of tapioca roots High root production - Well developed processing technology - Controlled quality of tapioca products - Supporting government policy Domestic (million tons of roots) Export 1. Chips & Pellets Volume (Million ton) (Million tons of roots) 2. Starch Volume (Million ton) (Million tons of roots (9.03) 2.68 (11.8) Chip& Pellet 13% Starch 19% Domestic 32% Export 68% Chip& Pellet 32% Starch 36%
7 Standard of cassava chips / premium cassava chips Starch (%w/w, minimum) - By Polarimetric method - By Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) Cassava chips* 65 Not specified Premium cassava chips** Protein (%w/w, minimum) Not specified Not specified Fiber (% w/w, maximum) 5 4 Moisture (% w/w, maximum) Sand and soil (% w/w, maximum) 3 2 Dust (% w/w, maximum) Not specified Not specified Unusual odor or color No No Spoilage or molds No No Living subjects or insects No No **Source:Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce (2002) **Source:Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce (2001) 70 75
8 Standard of Thai cassava starch by Ministry of Commerce Qualifications Class Premium First Second Starch (% by weight, minimum) Moisture (% by weight, maximum) Ash (% by weight, maximum) Pulp (cm 3 in 50 g starch, maximum) ph 4.5 to to to 7 Residue on 150 µm sieve (% maximum) Source: Ministry of Commerce (2006) GMO-free No color No odor No taste Distinct characteristics of Thai cassava starch High paste viscosity/ clarity High freeze thaw stability
9 Cassava starch Native starch Modified starch Starch hydrolysate Household Bakery Noodle Snack Tapioca pearl Pregelatinized starch Acid thinned starch Dextrinized starch Oxidized starch Starch ether - Hydroxyalkyl - Cationic starch Starch ester - Acetylated starch -Phosphate monoester starch Crosslinked starch - Di-starch phosphate - Di-starch adipate Maltodextrin Sweeteners - Glucose, Dextrose - Fructose Sorbitol / Mannitol MSG/Lysine Organic acid - Citric acid - Lactic acid
10 What s next for Thai Tapioca industry?
11 Challenges in Thai Tapioca industry development Social structure Population growth Customer s needs & trends Market competition/ Changed policy Industry (Products/ Services) Energy crisis Rapid change in technology development Limited natural resources Natural disaster/ environmental problem
12 Challenges in Thai Tapioca industry development: 4Ps Planting Processing Products Policies
13 4Ps: Planting Improve good varieties Improve mechanized farm Improve post harvest technology Improve root productivity Improve farm Management (soil, water, fertilizers) Improve disease /weed control High amount, low price & good starch of fresh roots
14 Good agricultural practice of cassava plantation 1. Land preparation 2. Cuttings 3. Planting - Planting period - Planting space (m) - Planting method 4.Weed control 5. Fertilizer use: Organic & Inorganic 6. Irrigation 7. Harvesting - Harvest time - Harvest method 8. Soil conservation & Intercropping system Source: Thai Agricultural Standard, TSA
15 Success case study: Rapid response to control mealybug outbreak by parasitic wasp Anagyrus lopezi - Department of Agriculture (DOA) - Tapioca Development Institute (TDI) of the Thai Tapioca Development Institute (TTDI) - Kasetsart University Pink mealybug Anagyrus lopezi Tapioca planting area infested with pink mealybug in Thailand
16 Success case study: New high-yielded variety development Local consumption of tapioca starch and tapioca pearls s 1970s Stem cuttings from Philippines & Malaysia Yield Starch content (ton/rai) (% fresh wt) R Cassava plantation moved to the East & NE International trade of tapioca pellets, chips & starch Expanding uses of modified starch Ethanol production Molecular Genetics & Biotechnology 1980s 1990s 2000 R R R KU R R HB R R Source:
17 Success case study: development of non-transgenic waxy tapioca Genetic diversification of starches Normal Amylose-free Amylose-free Normal High-amylose - Normal cassava starch - Amylose-free cassava starch - High amylose cassava starch - High phosphate starch - Small granule starch High amylose Low amylose
18 Biodiversity: composition of commercial starches Maize Rice Wheat Potato Pea Tapioca 100 Waxy Waxy Waxy Waxy 0 % Amylopectin Maize Hylon V Hylon VII Rice High amylose Wheat High amylose Potato High amylose Pea Pea Tapioca % Amylose 0 Low amylopectin starch (LAPS) 100
19 Non-transgenic amylose-free cassava (2007) Non-transgenic amylose-free cassava AM Discovery of an amylose-free starch mutant in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Ceballos H., Sanchez T., Morante N., Fregene M., Dufour D., Smith A.M., Denyer K., Pérez J.C., Calle F., Mestres C..2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55:
20 Thailand s tapioca industry Sriroth, K. Development of non-transgenic waxy tapioca in Thailand - Thai Tapioca Development Institute (TTDI) - Kasetsart University - International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) F 2 seeds were planted at TTDI, Huay Bong waxy normal About 20% waxy plants were found from selection
21 Paste viscosity Paste clarity Waxy cassava starch Normal cassava starch Normal cassava Waxy cassava 1 = freshly cooked starch paste 2 = stored cooked paste at 4 C, 7 days
22 Waxy cassava starch: 1. Provide higher paste viscosity, when cooked 2. Provide more stable cooked paste, when stored 3. Provide improved freeze-thaw stability with low water syneresis No need for chemical modification (stabilization) - Clean label for food products - More environmentally friendly process/ products - Less production cost of modified starch for waste treatment
23 Challenges in Thai Tapioca industry development: 4Ps Planting Processing Products Policies
24 4Ps: Processing 3E: Efficiency, Economic, Environment Native, modified, hydrolyzate - Mechanized process - Energy- and water- saving process - Clean technology - Zero-discharge - Waste treatment / Reduction - Environmentally friendly
25 Success case study: Utilization of processing waste - Wastewater: Biomethylation - Solid waste: : peel for mushroom cultivation : pulp for animal feed (wet& dry) Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor food ingredient (ttp:// biogas production
26 Challenges in Thai Tapioca industry development: 4Ps Planting Processing Products Policies
27 4Ps: Products Commodity: Chips Premium chips for animal feed Starch Standard for food application Specialty: Functional food Low glycemic food Health food Environmentally friendly products : Biodegradable plastics : Bio-based products : Biorefinery
28 Standard of cassava chips / premium cassava chips Starch (%w/w, minimum) - By Polarimetric method - By Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) Cassava chips* 65 Not specified Premium cassava chips** Premium cassava chips for animal feed*** Protein (%w/w, minimum) Not specified Not specified 2*** Fiber (% w/w, maximum) Moisture (% w/w, maximum) Sand and soil (% w/w, maximum) Dust (% w/w, maximum) Not specified Not specified 8*** Unusual odor or color No No No Spoilage or molds No No No Living subjects or insects No No No *Source:Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce (2002) **Source:Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce (2001) ***Source:Uthai Kanto and Sukanya Juttupornpong (2005) Cassava in animal nutrition 70 75
29 Standard of Thai cassava starch by Ministry of Commerce Qualifications Class Premium First Second Starch (% by weight, minimum) Moisture (% by weight, maximum) Ash (% by weight, maximum) Pulp (cm 3 in 50 g starch, maximum) ph 4.5 to to to 7 Residue on 150 µm sieve (% maximum) Source: Ministry of Commerce (2006) Additional standard to be announced by Ministry of Industry - Protein (% by weight, maximum) Sulfur dioxide (mg/kg, maximum) 30 - Heavy metal (mg/kg, maximum) Lead 1 Arsenic 2 - Microorganisms Total Plate Count (TPC, CFU/g maximum) 1 x 10 5 Yeast and molds (CFU/g, maximum) 3 x 10 2 Bacillus cereus (CFU/g, maximum) 1 x 10 3 Staphylococcus aureus (in 0.1 g) not detected -
30 Standard of products from tapioca materials - Food modified starch by Thai Industrial Standard (TIS) (UDC : ; 1992) - Hydrolysate products by Thai Industrial Standard Glucose syrup, UDC ; 1978 Dried glucose syrsup, UDC ; 1978 Dextrose monohydrate, UDC ; 1978 Dextrose anhydrous, UDC ; 1979 Fructose syrup, UDC ; Ethanol Fuel grade: announced by Ministry of Energy (2010) Pharmaceutical grade: TIS 640 (1-2553) Industrial grade: TIS 640 (2-2553) - Biodegradable plastic Composting by Thai Industrial Standard
31 Challenges in Thai Tapioca industry development: 4Ps Planting Processing Products Policies
32 4Ps: Policies - Logistic policy - Trading policy Economic community: ASEAN, ASEAN + 6, AEC - Environmental policy: Life cycle assessment Carbon & water footprint - Policy on technology transfer: farming and processing - Policy on research and development Integrated funding agency R & D strategy on tapioca
33 4Ps: Planting, Processing, Products, Policies Thai Tapioca Products Sufficient supply High quality Reasonable price Global marketing Competitive edge of Thai tapioca industry
34 Thank you for your attention
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