Productive performance and metabolic hormonal profile in cows supplemented with prilled fat

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Productive performance and metabolic hormonal profile in cows supplemented with prilled fat"

Horatio Harrington
5 years ago
Views:

1 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 15(2), April 2016, pp Productive performance and metabolic hormonal profile in supplemented with prilled fat Mahendra Singh*, Govinda Yadav, AK Roy & Sunita Thakur Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal , HR, India s: Received 29 June 2015, revised 31 August 2015 Five advanced pregnant crossbred Karan Fries (MPPA=3657) were fed prilled from day -45 of parturition till day 70 postpartum (SG) whereas another 5 (MPPA=3696) were fed standard ration which served as Control (CON). The DMI and body weights were recorded at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals and the postpartum milk yield was recorded till day 70 of lactation. Feeding of prilled fat increased (P<0.01) milk yield without affecting DMI. Plasma GH (P<0.01) and leptin concentration were higher (P<0.05) in SG than CON, however ghrelin level was lower (P<0.01) in SG. Plasma cortisol, T 3, T 4 and insulin levels remained unaffected on prilled fat supplementation. Plasma NEFA level decreased (P<0.01) in SG than the CON. The body weight of the born calves was more (P<0.05) in SG in comparison to CON. The SG exhibited postpartum estrus earlier and the conception rate was higher than the CON. The results suggested that prepartum supplementation of prilled in KF increased (P<0.01) the calf birth weight and reduced the cases of retention of fetal membrane and metritis. Postpartum supplementation of prilled augmented productive performance of by restricting the mobilization of body reserves. Keywords: Prilled fat, Feed intake, Hormones, Milk yield, Cows IPC Int. Cl. 8 :B01J 2/02, A23D, C11B, A01K 5/00, A01K 61/02, G01N 33/04, A01J 1/00-A01J 9/00, C07, C07J, C07G 15/00, A61K 38/08, A61K 38/22 The periparturient period is important because develop severe metabolic and physiological changes during this stage 1. The period of transition between late pregnancy (-3 week) and early lactation (+3 week) presents a huge metabolic challenge in terms of energy metabolites and hormonal changes 2. As parturition approaches, a progressive decrease in dry matter intake (30%) in the last 3 weeks of gestation and about 90% during last 5-7 days occurs before calving 3. After calving, most of energy gets diverted for colostrums and milk synthesis as a result of which animal goes into the negative energy balance resulting in loss in the body weight and body condition score 4. Under this condition feeding of rumen bypass fat enhances the energy intake in early lactation and reduces deleterious effect of NEB 5,6 besides improving the reproduction and milk production in dairy 7. The supplementation of prilled fat restores the physiological adjustment earlier in lactating 8. Prilled fat is mainly *Corresponding author comprises of saturated fats with high melting points and easily escape rumen fermentation. The information on the effect of prepartum prilled fat supplementation on ensuing milk production in relation to hormones and feed intake is not available in crossbreed under tropical conditions. Present investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of prilled fat supplementation on plasma hormones and productive performance in advance pregnant crossbreed. Methodology Ten apparently healthy Karan Fries (KF) (MPPA= 3677) at -45 days prepartum were selected from the livestock herd of the institute. The experiment was performed in compliance with the regulations of the Institutional Animal Ethics committee. The were divided as control group (CON) and prilled fat supplemented group (SG) based on body weight ( vs kg) and milk yield (12.9 vs kg/d) at the time of experiment. The in CON and SG group received green fodder

2 SINGH et al.: PRILLED FAT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF COWS 293 (Maize, berseem, wheat straw) and concentrate mixture (60:40) depending on the availability to meet the requirements (NRC, 2001). The supplemented were fed prilled /day/cow from -45 days till calving and 150gm/day/cow up to day 70 of lactation. Blood samples were collected on days -42, -35, -28, -21,-14, -7, 0 (parturition) and +7, +14, + 21, +28, +35, +42, +49, +56, +63, +70 days postpartum. Plasma glucose and BHBA were measured using standard analytical kits. Plasma leptin, growth hormone (GH), ghrelin, insulin and cortisol were measured using Enzyme immune assay kits. Plasma T 3, T 4 and insulin were determined by radio immuno-assay methods (M/S Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Mumbai). Dry matter intake and body weights were recorded at fortnightly intervals. The reproductive performances parameters, viz. incidence of postpartum first estrus, dystocia, retention of fetal membrane, metritis and calf s birth weights were also recorded. The data was analysed by two way ANOVA using Sigma Stat3 programme. Mean and standard errors were calculated and Pearson s matrix correlation among different parameters was found out. Results The mean body weight varied between groups, fortnights and animals before and after the parturition (P<0.01; Table 1). The initial body weight of KF on day -45 pre-partum were similar (390.2 vs kg) and was higher on day 70 of lactation (P<0.01) in SG than the CON (386.2±34.5 vs. 351±15.27kg). The body weight of of both the groups did not differ on day of parturition (Fig. 1). The postpartum body weight was more in SG group (P<0.01) in comparison to CON. DMI varied (P<0.01) between groups, animals and fortnights. The DMI decreased steadily during pre-partum period till day of parturition and showed a linear postpartum increase (P<0.05) in SG than the CON (Fig. 2). Average daily milk yield ranged between 10.16±0.18 to 14.27±0.24 kg/d in control and 11.18±0.12 to 16.13±0.14 kg/d in treatment group during the experiment. The milk yield increased by 11 % (P<0.01) in SG than the CON. Milk yield in SG group was higher (P<0.01) throughout the supplementation period (Fig. 3). Peak milk yield of kg/d and kg/d was recorded in 6 th week post partum in both groups of. Plasma glucose did not vary between group and animal; however postpartum levels were non-significantly higher in SG group in comparison to CON. Plasma NEFA and BHBA levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in CON than the SG group (Figs. 4 & 5).The prepartum and postpartum levels of NEFA and BHBA vary non-significantly. Plasma ghrelin concentration varied between groups, weeks and animals (P<0.01). The average Table 1 Mean plasma levels of hormones during different periods of experiment in Ghrelin (pg/ml) Group Prepartum Calving Postpartum Control 15.59±0.91 a 17.15±1.72 a 12.60±1.63 b Treatment 15.59±1.67 a 12.71±0.97 b 10.10±0.99 c Growth hormone (ng/ml) Control 1.72±0.08 ax 1.92±0.08 bx 1.76 ±0.15 ax Treatment 1.84±0.21 ab 1.94±0.20 bx 1.93 ±0.22 by Leptin (ng/ml) Control 4.01±0.46 ax 3.09±0.11 bx 2.18 ±0.27 cx Treatment 4.02±0.50 ax 3.76±0.64 ax 2.67 ±0.42 by Cortisol (ng/ml) Control 10.82±1.83 ax 27.40±2.94 bx 10.82±1.27 ax Treatment 10.66±2.30 ax b ±1.77 by 9.42±1.33 ax Insulin (µiu/ml) Control 10.15±1.14 ax 9.98±1.03 ax 12.22±2.16 ax Treatment 8.89±1.40 ax 8.46±1.44 ax 12.50±2.22 ax T 3 (ng/ml) Control 1.94±0.18 ax 1.78±0.04 ax 1.85±0.27 ax Treatment 2.06±0.17 ax 1.55±0.14 ax 1.72±0.23 ax T 4 (ng/ml) Control 27.49±3.93 ax 12.10±1.93 bx 34.70±7.34 cx Treatment 28.58±5.96 ax 14.64±3.51 bx 32.53±7.51 cx Values with different superscripts a, b,c and x,y differ (P<0.05 ) in a row and in column Fig. 1 Body weight changes in control and supplemented group

3 294 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 15, NO. 2, APRIL 2016 Fig. 2 Dry matter intake in control and supplemented group Fig. 4 Plasma nonesterified fatty acids level (um/l) in control and supplemented group Fig. 3 Milk yield changes in control and supplemented group prepartum ghrelin level was higher (p<0.05) on day of parturition (17.15±1.72 and 12.71±0.97 pg/ml) and lower during postpartum period (12.60±1.63 vs ±0.99 pg/ml) in CON than in the SG. Prepartum plasma GH level was more in SG group (p<0.01) but postpartum GH level was lower (p<0.05) in CON than the SG. However, no difference was observed in plasma cortisol levels between the groups though it varied between weeks and animals (P<0.01). Plasma cortisol attained peak level (P<0.05) on the day of parturition (27.40 vs ng/ml) in CON and SG groups. Average prepartum T 3 level was lower (1.94 vs. 2.06ng/ml) in CON than in SG (p>0.05), however postpartum T 3 level was lower in SG (1.85 vs. 1.72ng/ml). Plasma T 4 did not vary between group but effect of week and animal was significant (P<0.01). Plasma leptin concentration varied significantly between groups, week and animal (P<0.01). Plasma leptin level deceased (P<0.05) on day of parturition in both CON and SG groups (2.18 vs ng/ml). The of SG exhibited first postpartum heat earlier than CON group (76 vs. 103 days). Fig. 5 Plasma β-hydroxy butyric acid level (mm/l) in control and supplemented group Discussion The feeding of prilled fat increased the milk yield and fat in SG which is in line with the earlier findings on and buffaloes fed with prilled fat 9,10 or protected fat 11. The improvement in body weight in SG indicated less mobilization of body reserves as evident from higher (20.5 kg) body weight and no effect on rumen fermentation in SG over the CON 12,17 and lower BHBA levels. This was also evident from the positive correlation of the milk yield with dry matter intake (r=0.337; P<0.01). Thus animals on a high dietary energy density in early lactation had lower plasma BHBA concentrations as compared to on a low energy density level 13,14. Higher BHBA level decreases probability of pregnancy at first AI 4, milk production 15 and increased duration and severity of mastitis 16. The supplementation of Ca-LCFA or prilled fat leads to better recovery of postpartum BW losses and better recovery of BCS (-0.06 vs +0.02) in early lactation crossbred 9,10. The non- significant effect of prilled fat feeding on DMI augurs well

4 SINGH et al.: PRILLED FAT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF COWS 295 that prilled fat bypasses rumen 9. The dry matter intake was positively correlated with body weight (r=p<0.658: P<0.01). Fat supplementation is generally associated with higher plasma cholesterol concentration leading to improvement in reproductive performance which is precursor of steroid hormones 10,18,19. The increase in milk yield in SG could be due to more gluconeogenesis and rise in plasma GH which preferentially partition nutrients to the mammary gland at the expense of other tissues 20. However non-significant effects of prilled fat feeding on GH level have also been reported 10. The herbal feed supplement like shatavari has also been reported as galactopoietic in enhancing the milk yield of crossbred 21. Findings of this study are in agreement with earlier finding in which nonsignificant effect of prill fat feeding on plasma T 4, T 3 and insulin concentration reported. The higher plasma leptin concentration in SG is an indicative of lesser body reserve mobilization in early lactation 22,23,24 however leptin level remains unaffected due to prilled fat feeding in mid lactation 8. The higher ghrelin in CON could be due to adaptations to negative energy balance in lactating dairy cattle 25. Further primiparous fed CSLCFA have lower plasma leptin level (2.15 vs. 3.06ng/ml) whereas multiparous have greater level (2.39 vs ng/ml) in comparison to control 18. The disorders like retention of placenta (1), metritis (1) and premature birth (1) were observed only in CON group while SG did not exhibit these incidences. Based on the results it was concluded that supplementation of prilled fat before parturition leads to higher birth weight of calf and more milk production in ensuing lactation without affecting metabolic hormones and dry matter intake of crossbred. Traditional significance of study to the researchers/farmers/ society Traditionally, the dairy farmers in India have been feeding edible oils and cakes from mustard, groundnut, cotton seed, etc., to their animals for sustaining milk production. Most of these oils have fairly high percentage of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). An inclusion level of 5% of these vegetable oils in the diet of dairy animals affects the rumen fermentation patterns mainly by decreasing the acetate: propionate ratio and methane production. But increasing prices of these commodities have pressurized the dairy farming community to explore the most viable and economic supplements for improving milk production. Although the supplementation of oils may have their own pros and cons, yet the above study provides a better alternative of feeding prilled fat which is not only economical but also offers a better value for money to the dairy farmers. The society also benefits as the precious edible oils will be spared in large quantities for feeding to the masses. The supplementation of prilled fat has increased the production of milk by a margin of over 10%, therefore, more milk will be available for improving the per capita consumption by the society. Acknowledgement Authors are thankful to the Director, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal for providing the necessary facilities to conduct the experiment. The financial grant received in the project No. 2013/35/48 from the Board of Research in Nuclear Science, Mumbai is duly acknowledged. References 1 Rajodica D, Vladimir K, Zoran I, Marko C, Milun P, Nataliza F & Boban J, Evaluation of metabolic status in Simmental dairy during late pregnancy and early lactation, Vet Arhiv, 83 (6) (2013) Seifi HA, Dalir-Naghadeh B, Farzaneh N, Mohri M & Gorji- Dooz M, Metabolic changes in with or without retained fetal membranes in transition period, J Vet Med a series - Physiol Pathol Cl Med, 54(2) (2007) Ingvartsen KL & Andersen JB, Integration of metabolism and intake regulation: a review focusing on periparturient animals, J Dairy Sci, 83(7) (2000) Walsh R B, Kelton DF, Duffield T, Leslie KE, Walton JS & LeBlanc SJ, Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum anovulatory condition on dairy, J Dairy Sci, 90 (2007) Ganjkhanlou M, Rezayazdi K, Ghorbani G R, Dehghan Banadaky M, Morraveg H & Yang WZ, Effects of protected fat supplements on production of early lactation Holstein, An Feed Sci Technol, 154 (2009) Thakur SS & Shelke SK, Effect of supplementing bypass fat prepared from soybean acid oil on milk yield and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes, Indian J An Sci, 80 (4) (2010) Tyagi N, Thakur SS & Shelke SK, Effect of bypass fat supplementation on productive and reproductive performance in crossbred, Trop An Health Prod, 42 (2010) Singh Mahendra, Sehgal J P, Roy A K, Pandita S & Rajesh G, Effect of prill fat supplementation on hormones, milk production and energy metabolites during mid lactation in crossbred, Vet World, 7(6) (2014) Rajesh G, Singh Mahendra, Roy AK & Singh S, Effect of prilled fat supplementation on milk yield, composition and

5 296 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 15, NO. 2, APRIL 2016 plasma hormones in early lactation crossbred, J Bio Innov,3(4)(2014) Singh Mahendra, Yadav G, Roy A K & Thakur S, Effect of prill fat supplementation on plasma hormones and productive performances in crossbred, Indian J An Nutr, (2015) (press). 11 Fahey J, Mee J F, Murphy J J & Callaghan D O, Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids and calcium salt of methionine hydroxyl analogue on plasma prostaglandin F 2 metabolite and milk fatty acid profile in late lactation Holstein-Friesian, Theriogenology, 58 (2002) Shelke S K, Thakur S S & Shete S M, Productive and reproductive performance of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) supplemented with rumen protected fat and protein, Indian J An Nutr, 29 (2012) Rabelo ERL, Rezende S, Bertics J & Grummer R R, Effects of pre- and postfresh transition diets varying in dietary energy density on metabolic status of periparturient dairy, J Dairy Sci, 88 (2005) Roberts T, Chapinal, N, Leblanc S J, Kelton D F, Dubuc J & Duffield TF, Metabolic parameters in transition as indicators for early-lactation culling risk, J Dairy Sci, 95(6) (2012) Chapinal N, Leblanc SJ, Carson ME, Leslie KE, Godden S, Capel M, Santos JE, Overton MW & Duffield TF, Herd-level association of serum metabolites in the transition period with disease, milk production, and early lactation reproductive performance, J Dairy Sci, 95(10) (2012) Julie M, Huzzey & Thomas R, Overton, Using Physiological Markers to Detect Health and Production Problems in Transition Dairy Cows, WCDS Adv Dairy Technol, 25 (2013) Maurice L E, Effects of Feeding Fats on Rumen Fermentation and Milk Composition Published in Proceedings 37 th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference, October 1-10, 2002, Vancouver, Canada, pp Faith Marie Cullens, Effect of the timing of initiation of fat supplementation on productive and reproductive responses of periparturient dairy during summer, MSc Thesis, University of Florida, USA, Wadhwa M, Grewal RS, Bakshi MPS & Brar P S, Effect of supplementing bypass fat on the performance of high yielding crossbred, Indian J An Sci, 82 (2012) Prasad J & Mahendra Singh, Milk production and hormonal changes in Murrah Buffaloes administered recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbst), Agric Biol J North Am, 1(6) (2010) Kumar S, Mehla RK & Mahendra Singh, Effect of Shatavari (asparagus racemosus) on milk production and immune modulation in Karan Fries crossbred, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 13 (2) (2014) Block SS, Butler WR, Ehrhardt RA, Bell AW, Van Amburg ME & Boisclair Y R, Decreased concentration of plasma leptin in periparturient dairy is caused by negative energy balance, J Endocrinol, 171 (2001) Block SS, Smith JM, Ehrhardt RA, Diaz MC, Rhoads RP & Van Amburgh ME, Nutritional and developmental regulation of plasma leptin in dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci, 86 (2003) Liefers S C, Veerkamp R F, Pas M F, Delavaud C, ChilliardY & Van der Lende T, Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance, milk yield, intake, live weight, and estrus in dairy, J Dairy Sci, 86 (2003) Bradford B J & Allen M S, Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy, Dom An Endocrinol, 34(2) (2008)

AND PLASMA HORMONES IN EARLY LACTATION CROSSBRED COWS. 2 Principal Scientist (Animal Physiology), National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal ,

EFFECT OF PRILLED FAT SUPPLEMENTATION ON MILK YIELD, COMPOSITION AND PLASMA HORMONES IN EARLY LACTATION CROSSBRED COWS Rajesh G 1 *, Mahendra Singh 2, A.K.Roy 3 and Sukhjinderjit Singh 4 1 Division of