Nutrition of Apples. G.H. Neilsen, D. Neilsen and E.J. Hogue L. Herbert, S. Kuchta and B. Rabie

Transcription

1 Calcium, Boron and Zinc Nutrition of Apples G.H. Neilsen, D. Neilsen and E.J. Hogue L. Herbert, S. Kuchta and B. Rabie Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Summerland, B.C., Canada, V0H 1Z0

2 Changes in production systems 2

3 Changes in cultivars Gala Fuji Braeburn Ambrosia Cameo Silken 3

4 Ca related disorders 4

5 Bitter Pit - Honeycrisp 5

6 Bitter Pit - Spartan 6

7 Bitter Pit - Braeburn 7

8 Bitter Pit 8

9 Preparation of apple tissue for mineral analysis Washing and drying fruit in preparation for chopping 9

10 Chopping fruit, removing seeds and weighing sample 10

11 Loading freeze-drier and grinding freeze-dried samples 11

12 Diluting samples and analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry 12

13 Fruit Ca concentration (n=30, McIntosh) 12 Average fru uit Ca (mg/100g FW) H Weeks before commercial harvest (H) 13

14 Fruit size (n=30, McIntosh) 250 size (g) Average fruit H Weeks before commercial harvest (H) 14

15 Absolute Ca uptake (n=30, McIntosh) 10 Absolute uptake (mg Ca a/fruit) H Weeks before commercial harvest (H) 15

16 Factors associated with fruit storage quality Positive 1. Fruit Ca concentration Negative 1. Large fruit size 2. High fruit K/Ca 3. High fruit K (Spartan) 16

17 Critical Ca concentrations Harvest 4.0 mg/100g FW 6 weeks prior to harvest 8.5 mg/100g FW (McIntosh) 10.0 mg/100g FW (Spartan) 9.5 mg/100g FW (G. Delicious) 17

18 Cultivar affects fruit Ca (2003, same block, trt) Ambrosia Cameo Gala Fuji Silken Harvest Fruit Ca (mg/100g FW) 5.55 b 3.56 e 6.52 a 4.69 c 3.89 d 18

19 Management of Ca nutrition Ca Intervention 1. Soil application 2. Foliar sprays 19

20 20

21 Spartan Fruit Ca (ppm dw) (6 tons/ha) Hydrated lime Calcium sulphate Check NS NS NS 21

22 Braeburn Fruit Ca Fruit Ca (mg/100g FW) Bitter Pit (%) Soil Ca thiosulphate (105 g/tree) Check NS NS NS NS 22

23 Jonagold/McIntosh Fruit Ca Fertigated N Fruit Ca (mg/100g FW) (57 g N/tree) Yr 2 Yr 3 Urea (46) 6.2b 4.2 Ammonium nitrate (34) 5.3b 4.1 Calcium nitrate (15.5) 7.5a 4.4 ** NS 23

24 Current Production Recommendations Calcium - Apple * CaCl 2 compounds * 4 5 sprays * 10 day intervals (mid July) * 0.5% w/v; 8 12 kg/ha 24

25 Typical Ca inflow into fruit Stage one Recommended Ca sprays Ca (mg/fr ruit) Gala Spartan Fuji J J A S O Day of the Year 25

26 Timing of Ca sprays in a Braeburn orchard 26

27 Ca Spray Timing ( ) Clorclear (0.5% w/v) (34.5% Ca as CaCl 2 ) Early Mid Late 5 weekly (wk1 Jun - wk1 Jul) 5 weekly (wk1 Jul - wk2 Aug) 5 weekly (wk2 Aug - wk2 Sep) 27

28 Harvest Fruit Ca concentration (mg/100g FW) Check 3.6 b 3.4 d 3.5 Early 3.3 bc 3.7cd 3.4 Mid 4.2 a 4.9 b 3.3 Late 4.4 a 5.7 a 3.8 **** **** NS 28

29 Bitter Pit (%) Check 2 b 12 a 36 a Early 0 b 0 c 6 d Mid 0 b 0 c 9 cd Late 3 b 2 bc 15 bcd * ** ** 29

30 Braeburn Fruit Ca in response to Ca form (mg/100gfw) Check 4.16c 3.29b 3.64b 2. CaCl a 4.49a 5.04a 3. Nutrical 4.71b 4.12a - 4. Calcimax 4.08c - - Number sprays

31 Bitter Pit CaCO 3 suspension Check 2b 12a 36a CaCO 3 susp. 15a 8ab 26ab 31

32 Boron (B) 32

33 Boron deficiency Blossom blast Surface cracking 33

34 Survey of N,P fertigated high density orchards (1993 n=19) Nutrient deficient orchards B, Zn > 50% Mg*, Cu > 25% K > 10% N, P, Ca, S, Mn, Fe none 34

35 Soil B is affected by soil texture Soil B (p ppm) Measured 30cm beneath drip emitter Sand (%) 35

36 Soil solution B concentration in response to fertigation Soil solution B (ppm) End Start End 2.00 (Jul 20) (May 23) (Jul 29) Day of the year g Boron/tree/year Background 36

37 Leaf B concentration in apple in response to application method Leaf B (ppm) Gala Fuji Fiesta Spartan No B applied a b c d a a b b B sprayed g B/tree/year a b a b B fertigated a b a b g B/tree/year a b c b a b c b Year 37

38 Summary B behaves very much like nitrate in coarse textured soils B can quickly become depleted under irrigation but can be augmented by either broadcast or fertigated soil applications or foliar sprays Care must be taken not to over-supply B 38

39 Zinc (Zn) 39

40 40

41 MINUS ZINC CHECK 41

42 Zn deficiency - Peach 42

43 Zn deficiency - Apple 43

44 Leaf Zn concentration in apple in response to application method Leaf Zn (pp pm) Gala Fuji Fiesta Spartan Total fertigated Zn = 91 kg/ha Zn sprayed Zn fertigated (g/tree/year) No Zn applied a ab b c a a a a a a a b a b a c a b a c 17.5 a a a b Year 44

45 Zn-spray experiment (Gabelman) Trt Zn-Form Application rate Check 0 0 Early Dormant Zn SO 4 (36%) 4.5g/L Postharvest Zn SO 4 (36%) 2.6g/L 45

46 Average leaf chlorosis* (Gabelman) Trt Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Check 2.50a 2.50a 2.50 Early Dormant 0.88bc 1.13cd 2.00 Postharvest 2.13abc 1.50bcd 2.00 Significance ** ** ns * none(0), slight(1) to severe(3) 46

47 Zn spray experiment (Jonagold/M.9) Jonagold/M.9 47

48 Average leaf Zn (ppm, unsprayed leaves, Jonagold) Trts* Check (no Zn) Tight cluster (1) Post petal fall (2x) Post petal fall (4x) Significance ns ns * 500ppm Zn L-133 (organic Zn) 48

49 Fruit Zn (mg/100g FW, washed, peeled) Trts Check.011c.009d Tight cluster (1).013de.009d Post petal fall (2x).017cd.013c Post petal fall (4x).019bc.017b Significance **** **** 49

50 Cumulative yield ( ) Trts Fruit Kg/tree n/tree AverageSize(g) Check Tight cluster (1) Post petal fall (2x) Post petal fall (4x) Significance ns ns ns 50

51 Thank you 51

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