Seafood Contaminants causing Foodborne Diseases
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1 Seafood Contaminants causing Foodborne Diseases Bacteria and Viruses Vibrio species Viruses: Norwalk-like (NLV) and Hepatitis A (HAV) Industrial Compounds Mercury Polyclorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Natural Marine Toxins Scombroid fish poisoning Ciguatera fish poisoning Shellfish toxins (PSP, NSP, ASP, DSP) Tetrodotoxin
2 Sources of Mercury
3 Main types of exposure: Mercury in Seafood Mercury vapor from amalgam tooth fillings Ethyl mercury in the form of thimerosal added as an an:sep:c to widely used vaccines MeHg in fish. MeHg can be slowly metabolized to inorganic mercury 1953: Epidemic episode in Minamata (Japan) Exposure to moderate levels in the womb is associated to brain damage Large fish that have lived longer are likely to contain the highest levels (tuna, sword fish, king mackerel). Accumulates also in marine mammals. Guidelines for Mercury in food: EU: 0,5 ppm; USA: 1 ppm (based on methyl mercury bases from 1984)
4 Industrial Compounds: Mercury Mercury Exposure Effects Renal and neurological disturbances: tremor, peripheral polyneuropathy, motor and sensory disturbances Inorganic Hg may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS Hgi is taken up by motor neurons of experimental animals Rela:ve low levels of Hgi affect motor func:on clinically Inorganic and organic Hg interacts with the GABAA receptor via alkyla:on of a SH group Inhibi:on of GTP binding to tubulin in rat brain, with a similarity to a molecular lesion of AD
5 Industrial Compounds: Mercury
6 Industrial Compounds: Mercury
7 Tubulin Polymerization
8 Tubulin Polymerization
9 Industrial Compounds: Mercury
10
11 Neurogenesis and migra.on in the SVZ of adult rodents. (a) The sagiyal view illustrates the extent of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle (shaded area), where large numbers of neuroblasts are con:nually generated within the SVZ. Neuroblasts, or type A cells, migrate as chains through an extensive network of pathways (arrows) throughout the SVZ, join the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and differen:ate into local interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). (b,c) In the frontal plane, the SVZ consists of a thin strip of :ssue between the striatum (ST) and the lateral ventricle (LV). (c) A magnified view of the organiza:on of the SVZ is shown. Chains of type A cells are ensheathed by SVZ astrocytes (type B cells) and are adjacent to clusters of immature precursors (type C cells).ependymal cells form an epithelial layer separa:ng the SVZ from the ventricle. The iden:ty of the neural stem cells is not yetknown. CB, cerebellum; cc, corpus callosum; NC, neocortex; M, canal of Monro.
12 Fiona Doetsch,* Isabelle Caille,*Daniel A. Lim,* Jose Manuel García-Verdugo, and Arturo Alvarez-Buylla* *The Rockefeller University, New York, New York University of Valencia Doetsch et al., Cell 97: , 1999
13 Neurogenesis in the SVZ of the Adult Mouse
14 Industrial Compounds: Mercury
15 Industrial Compounds: Mercury Effect of Mercury on ANSC proliferation
16 Industrial Compounds: Mercury Effect of Hgi on the differentiation of ANSC of ANSC DAPI (Cell Nuclei) An: ß Tub III (Neurons) An: GFAP (Astrocytes) DAPI (Cell Nuclei) An: ß Tub III (Neurons) An: ß Tub III (Neurons) An: GFAP (Astrocytes)
17 Industrial Compounds: Mercury Effect of Hgi on tubulin-gtp binding and ß-tubulin expression pattern of ANSC *GTP tubulin T T
18 Industrial Compounds: Mercury Conclusions of the Study: Exposure to inorganic Hg affects survival and fate of Adult Neural Stem Cells Hg(i) decreases viabilitiy of ANSC by ~20% Hg(i) inhibits the binding of GTP to tubulin and prevents its polymerization into microtubules ANSC-derived neuronal population decreases after exposure to Hg(i) Only morphological changes were observed in ANSC-derived astrocytes
19 Last week, the FDA declared trace levels of melamine to be safe in infant formula. A few weeks earlier, it said the plas:cs chemical Bisphenol A was safe for infants to drink. Now it says children can eat mercury, too. Is there any toxic substance in the food that the FDA thinks might be dangerous? (Aspartame, MSG, sodium nitrite and now mercury...)
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