Using Units and Measurements

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1 Name Class Date Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Virtual Lab Using Units and Measurements When working with this Lab Report file, remember to save often. PROBLEM Inhibiting evaporation from swimming pools can be difficult. Vinyl or plastic pool covers can work, but they are often bulky and hard to put on and take off of pools. In addition, it may be hard to find covers that fit irregularly shaped pools. And plastic and vinyl pool covers cannot be used when swimmers are in the pool, allowing for evaporation of the water to occur. Liquid pool covers are chemical compounds that can be poured onto the surface of a pool to inhibit evaporation. The chemical coats the pool with a one-molecule-thick layer of stearyl alcohol. Liquid pool covers must be reapplied to a pool every day, however, and using more liquid pool cover than is needed for a pool can be expensive and wasteful. In this virtual lab simulation, you are challenged to calculate exactly the amount of liquid pool cover needed to cover the surface of an irregularly shaped pool. BACKGROUND A liquid pool cover (LPC) consists of stearyl alcohol, which is the actual molecule that creates the barrier over the surface of the water, and a spreading agent, which is isopropyl alcohol. The spreading agent evaporates within 25 minutes of application, leaving the one-molecule layer of stearyl alcohol on the surface. This barrier is completely safe and biodegradable. It is odorless, colorless, and safe to swim in. In addition, it will not damage pipes, pumps, valves, or other pool apparatus. PLANNING Goal Make measurements using SI units and perform calculations to solve problems. Objectives Make measurements of irregularly shaped swimming pools. Calculate using equations for area and volume. Convert amounts and units using ratios. Evaluate a proposed volume of pool cover for its effectiveness in covering a pool.

2 Materials This virtual lab requires: A computer or tablet capable of running the simulation. A sound card with speakers or headphones to play the audio. Electrical Safety Exercise caution when working with electrical equipment such as computers. Do not use electrical equipment with frayed or twisted wires. The area under and around electrical equipment should be dry; cords should not lie in puddles of spilled liquid. Reality Check Liquid pool covers consist of at least two chemicals one common formulation is stearyl alcohol mixed with isopropyl alcohol. These chemicals are present in a ratio of approximately 1:19. The isopropyl alcohol helps to spread out the liquid pool cover across the surface of the pool. Shortly after the liquid pool cover is poured, this spreading agent evaporates, leaving the stearyl alcohol coating the pool. In order to simplify the virtual lab, the volumes given for LPC in this lab exclude the isopropyl alcohol and include only the volumes of stearyl alcohol needed. In reality, the formulations of commercially available liquid pool covers are more complex and are kept private as trade secrets by their manufacturers. Your Plan 1. Adjust or replace the following sample procedure to suit your plan for performing the virtual lab. You can also edit the data tables in Observations. a. Select a pool shape. Use the measuring tool to measure the pool s dimensions. Calculate the pool s area. b. Select a volume of LPC and measure how much of the pool s area it covers. c. Record your observations and measurements in the data table. d. Compare the LPC area to the pool area to estimate a ratio that you can use to estimate the amount of LPC needed to cover the entire pool. e. Based on measurements made so far, calculate the exact amount of

3 LPC needed to cover the pool. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4 OBSERVATIONS (Perform) Data Table Pool Area of pool Volume of LPC Area of LPC 1 2 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 2. Estimating Ratio of LPC to Pool Estimate how many LPC areas you need to cover the pool using the click-and-drag tool. Record the ratio here. LPC : Pool : 1 3. Estimating Volume of LPC Needed The ratio determined in item 2, above, can be used to estimate the volume of LPC needed for the pool. Use the formula shown below. volume of LPC to cover whole pool = (volume of LPC in 1 LPC area) (number of LPC areas to cover whole pool / 1 LPC area) volume of LPC to cover whole pool = ( ml LPC) ( / 1 LPC area) = ml LPC

5 4. Finding Exact Volume of LPC Using the values determined in the Perform section, find the exact volume of LPC needed to cover the pool without wasting any of the product. The volume of LPC needed can be found by first rearranging this equation: (volume of LPC for whole pool / volume of LPC in 1 LPC area) = (number of LPC areas for whole pool / 1 LPC area) volume of LPC for whole pool = (volume of LPC in LPC area) (number of LPC areas for whole pool / 1 LPC area) volume of LPC for whole pool = ( ml per LPC area) ( m 2 / m 2 per LPC area) = ml SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5. Results Describe how the conversion factor needed to be structured to get the correct unit of measure in your final result for the volume of LPC needed for the pool. 6. Reflections Did the order of the steps matter in solving the problem by gathering data and performing your calculation? Explain why or why not. 7. Conclusions How can your results help you identify which of the possible volumes marked on the graduated cylinder is the correct amount for a given pool?

6 EXTEND Remember that LPC creates a layer or coating on the pool that is one molecule thick. This coating consists of stearyl alcohol molecules that are standing on the water s surface. You can take measurements based on a specific volume of LPC and calculate the length of a single stearyl alcohol molecule. This can be done by starting with the equation for the volume of a rectangular layer of LPC. V = l w h Because the equation for area is as shown below, it can be combined with the volume equation to give an equation for volume in terms of area. A = l w V = (l w) h V = A h In this equation, h, the height of the layer, is the length of the stearyl alcohol molecule. This can be rearranged to find that length. h = V/A 8. Converting Units The volumes in your data are in millimeters, which are equivalent to cubic centimeters, cm 3. But your volumes are in units of meters cubed (m 3 ). To combine these, you will have to convert to similar units. Convert one of your volume measurements from units of cm 3 to units of m 3, showing your work. (Remember that cm 3 = 1 m 3.) 9. Determining Molecular Length Using the converted volume measurement from item 8 above and the equations above, calculate the approximate length of an LPC molecule.

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