Update on Food and Feed
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1 Update on Food and Feed Mary Beth Hall Research Animal Scientist U. S. Dairy Forage Research Center USDA-Agricultural Research Service Madison, WI ACS 7/16/13
2 The sugars, starches, and insoluble carbohydrates, demand study. Goals: improved methods for estimation more correct methods of estimating nutritive values. -- Report of the Committee on Ways and Means for Securing More Thorough Chemical Study of Foods and Feeding Stuffs --Assoc. of fficial Agricultural Chemists, August, 1890
3 Where we started: Crude fiber Crude protein Crude fat Ash Calories Active Ingredients Microbes Amino acids Starch Fats Fructans Calories Protein Sugars Vitamins Fiber Fatty acids Minerals Antioxidants
4 Purpose of Food & Feed Analysis Adulterants Active Ingredients / Guarantees Nutritional Value Widely varying matrices Possess chemical & physical effects Influence nutrition & health
5 Purpose of Food & Feed Analysis Used in: Food and feed labeling Quality control Diet and ration formulation Used by: Companies / Trade Regulators Nutritionists Consumers
6
7 Costs, Turn-around, Accuracy Food and feed labeling Diet and ration formulation Effect of error
8 Milk / day, kg lb milk 5 0 5/14/99 5/16/99 5/18/99 5/20/99 5/22/99 5/24/99 5/26/99 5/28/99 5/30/99 6/1/99 6/3/99 6/5/99 6/7/99 6/13/99 6/15/99 6/17/99 6/19/99 6/21/99 6/23/99 6/25/99 6/27/99 6/29/99 7/1/99 6/9/99 6/11/99 Date 7/3/99 Averhoff and Hall, 2000
9 lb milk Average Milk Loss: 744 lb/cow/episode Milk / day, kg /14/99 5/16/99 5/18/99 5/20/99 5/22/99 5/24/99 5/26/99 5/28/99 5/30/99 6/1/99 6/3/99 6/5/99 6/7/99 6/9/99 6/11/99 6/13/99 6/15/99 6/17/99 6/19/99 6/21/99 6/23/99 6/25/99 6/27/99 6/29/99 7/1/99 7/3/99 Averhoff and Hall, 2000
10 Carbohydrates That Matter Plant Carbohydrates Cell Contents Cell Wall Digestible Indigestible rganic Mono- & Acids Disaccha -rides Sugars Starch ligosaccha -rides Dietary Starch Fructans Pectic Hemicelluloses Cellulose Substances Mixed linkage -glucans Fructans Soluble Fiber Detergent Fibers Acid Neutral
11 Plant Cell Structure Cell contents rganic acids Sugars Starch ligosaccharides Fructans Middle lamella Pectic substances b-glucans Cell wall Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin
12 Carbohydrates: Animal Feeds AAFC pressured to allow labeling of carbohydrates in animal feeds Must / will cover all animal species Nutritionally relevant & defined / predicts nutrient supply & animal performance Verifiable by AAC / other recognized method AAC starch method for animal feeds no longer valid Questions on appropriate labeling for fiber
13 The Ideal Fiber Analysis Nutritionally relevant Chemical & physical effects Across species Robust, simple, repeatable, inexpensive AAC approved
14 Fiber Analyses Crude Fiber Acid Detergent Fiber Neutral Detergent Fiber Total Dietary Fiber
15 Crude Fiber - circa 1840 s Ether extraction Dry & weigh Reflux with 1.25% sulfuric acid 30 min. Reflux with 1.25% sodium hydroxide 30 min Gravimetric measure of organic residue. Does not measure soluble fiber. Weende / Proximate Analysis System
16 The crude fiber method solubilizes hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin to varying degrees. From Van Soest, 1994
17 Crude Fiber Not nutritionally relevant. Fails to accurately recover insoluble fiber. AAC Method Used / required for regulatory purposes
18 Acid Detergent Fiber Fat extraction (if necessary). Reflux 1 hour with acid detergent (0.5 M H 2 S 4 and CTAB). Gravimetric measure of organic residue. Recovers cellulose, lignin, protein, traces of other carbohydrates. Does not measure soluble fiber.
19 Acid Detergent Fiber Somewhat nutritionally relevant (species? state?). Simple, inexpensive, robust assay. AAC Method
20 Neutral Detergent Fiber Fat extraction (if necessary). Reflux 1 hour with neutral detergent, heat-stable, a-amylase, and/or sulfite. Gravimetric measure of organic residue. Recovers hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, traces of protein. Does not measure soluble fiber.
21 Neutral Detergent Fiber Nutritionally relevant (species?). Simple, inexpensive, robust assay. NDF = Insoluble Dietary Fiber AAC Method
22 Dietary Fiber AAC : Enzymatic - gravimetric AAC : Enzymatic - gravimetric liquid chromatographic HPLC Includes soluble & insoluble dietary fiber and oligosaccharides
23 Dietary Fiber Analysis Nutritionally relevant (species?). New inclusion of oligosaccharides. Multifaceted, expensive assay. AAC Method
24 Method Comparison Crude Fiber (AAC, 1980) NDF (Robertson and Van Soest, 1977) TDF (Prosky et al., 1985) Feedstuff CF NDF TDF Corn Wheat Citrus pomace Beet pulp Wheat bran Courtesy of G. Fahey, 2002
25 Thoughts Dietary and neutral detergent fibers are nutritionally relevant. Which is most appropriate depends on species and feeds. Crude fiber is not useful for nutritional applications.
26 Why Dietary Starch? Starch: A non-structural polysaccharide of plants composed of glucose with a-(1-4) and a-(1-6) linkages (well established def.). Dietary: Classifies the fraction as being related to nutrition, not to other applications (as was done with dietary fiber ). Dietary Starch: Relates the nutritional fraction of a-linked carbohydrates to starch. Bottom Line Informal Definition: Any carbohydrate that digests like starch.
27 Dietary Starch Why not call it starch? Assays don t and never have measured just plant starch, unless many types of samples were excluded. Liver Starch from plants Glycogen in animals & microbes Breakdown products of these (maltooligosaccharides)
28 Starch: Polarimetry Analysis fficial EU method of analysis Change in optical rotation of solubilized pure starch minus substances soluble in 40% Et [a] D 20 for pure starches: Rice: , potato: 185.4, corn: Repeatability: + 0.4% if starch < 40%, + 1.1% if starch > 40% Interference: CaC 3, lactose, citrus pulp, sugar beet, linseed, copra, & rapeseed products, yeast, inulin, greaves (sugars, fructans, other?), optically active substances Third Commission Directive, CNSLEG 1972L0199, 1999
29 Starch: Enzymatic Analysis Gelatinization Disrupting the hydrogen bonding/ crystalline structure of starch chains Hydrolysis a-amylase, amyloglucosidase CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 End product detection Glucose, reducing sugars CH 2
30 Sources of Error Multiple transfers Inaccurate standard curve Glucose standard purity Incomplete hydrolysis Microbial predation Chemical alteration Volumetric accuracy Interfering substances: Nonspecific enzymes & run conditions Affected past starch assays Starch % DM Starch % DM Corn Starch 0 Confectioner s Sugar Hall et al., 1999
31 Starch: Low Recovery Isomerization of reducing end glucose Neutral to alkaline ph + heat: reducing end glucose isomerizes to fructose. An issue with hydrolysis with gelatinization at neutral ph? CH 2 CH 2 HCH 2 CH 2 H CH 2 Maltose Maltulose Autoclave ph Glucose Maltulose Maltose/ isomaltose Dias and Panchal, 1987
32 Glucose Detection % of no ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid, umoles <10 mmol hydrophilic antioxidant / 0.1 g sample DM Different detection method Identification of matrices? Hall and Keuler, 2009, JAACI 92:50
33 Glucose Detection Standard curve deviation in prediction pt linear 5 pt linear pt quadratic Standard curve nearly, but not quite linear Apparently inherent in the chemistry 3 to 5 points similar, but 3 is overfit Hall and Keuler, 2009, JAACI 92:50
34 Dietary Starch Completing pre-study trial 16 labs (5 industry, 9 state, 2 research) 1250 Glucose Standard Curve 1000 y = x x R² = 1 Glucose, ug/ml Absorbance, 505 nm
35 Sugars & Fructans Definitions in place Investigating methods Fructan Sugars CH 2 H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H CH 2 H CH 2 H HCH 2 H CH 2 H2 C CH 2
36 Questions?
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