Macromolecules. Macromolecules. What are the macromolecules? Organic molecules. The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules.
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1 Macromolecules Macromolecules Biochemistry The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules. Macro - long or large It is a large molecule that is made up of smaller units joined together. Organic molecules What are the macromolecules? Organic molecules are composed of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms. Carbon is the backbone. Carbohydrates Lipids Protein we obtain from food!!! Sometimes they also contain: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Nucleic Acids - important for DNA and RNA
2 Macromolecules Monomer Carbohydrates Energy Lipids Organic Protein Nucleic Acids Building Materials Minerals (needed in small amounts) Vitamins (need in small amounts) Water Inorganic A monomer is the simplest unit of a macromolecule. It is the building block. If you don t learn anything else today - please remember the monomer (building blocks) of the macromolecules Monosaccharides Carbohydrates aka Carbs made of C, H and O simplest unit of a carb mono=1 saccharide=sugar formula is C 6 H 12 O 6 (CH 2 O) n
3 Monosaccharides FUNCTION ENERGY EXAMPLES glucose (what our cell s need for energy) fructose (fruit) galactose (milk) Disaccharides (2 sugars) 2 monosaccharides bonded together formed in a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction, a molecule of water is removed Disaccharides FUNCTION ENERGY EXAMPLES sucrose (table sugar, sweetener) (G + F) lactose (milk) (G + Gal) maltose (cereal grain) (G + G) Polysaccharides (many sugars) STARCH B.B - long chains of glucose F - long term energy source energy storage molecule in plants E - pasta, rice, potatoes
4 Polysaccharides GLYCOGEN B.B - long chains of glucose but with lots of branching F - long term energy source energy storage molecule in animals E - stored in liver, muscles Polysaccharides CELLULOSE B.B - long chains of glucose (differs from starch in the linkages) F- gives plant cell wall support, we cannot digest it E - wood, paper, cotton, bran, apple skins Polysaccharides CHITIN B.B - modified form of cellulose F- hard outer skeletons (exoskeleton) of insects, crabs, lobsters E - insects, crustaceans, contact lenses, stitches(surgical thread), food thickener, feminine hygiene products
5 Fats and Oils Lipids aka Fat composed of C, H and O monomer = triglyceride 3 fatty acids and a glycerol Fats and Oils FUNCTION ENERGY vitamin absorption insulate body cushion organs steroids (sex hormones) Fats and Oils EXAMPLES oils (olive, sunflower) margarine lard butter animal fat
6 Phospholipids hydrophilic phosphate head hydrophobic fatty acid tail Phospholipids FUNCTION main component of cell membranes EXAMPLE found in all cell membranes Other Lipids you may know: Omega fatty acids Cholesterol Trans fat You will investigate these after Protein aka Protein
7 Protein composed of C, H, O, N and S monomer = amino acids 20 amino acids (12 our body can make, 8 we must obtain from food (essential) What do they all have in common? Same general structure: Protein FUNCTIONS found in cell membranes (channels) enzymes to facilitate chemical reactions transmit chemical messages (hormones) form cellular structures form cells, tissues, organs hemoglobin energy
8 Protein EXAMPLES eggs meat, chicken, fish cheese, yogurt, milk hair, fingernails beans, lentils, nuts, legumes Nucleic Acids aka DNA and RNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA BUILDING BLOCK monomer = nucleotide deoxyribose sugar phosphate base A, T, C or G A pairs with T C pairs with G
9 DNA FUNCTIONS stores hereditary information contains genetic blueprints of life OTHER FEATURES double stranded double helix shape always stays in the nucleus RNA (ribonucleic acid) monomer = nucleotide ribose sugar phosphate base A, U, C and G A pairs with U C pairs with G RNA FUNCTIONS decodes the DNA to make proteins OTHER FEATURES single stranded can leave the nucleus
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