ATP. Chapter 7, parts of 48 Cellular Respiration: Gas Exchange, Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. Cellular Respiration

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Laurence Chambers
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Respiration Cellular Respiration ATP Gas Exchange O

respiration exchange between environment & cells

Optimizing Gas Exchange Why high surface area?

across cell membrane by diffusion rate of diffusion

moisture maintains cell membrane structure gases

Many Forms one-celled amphibians echinoderms Lungs

point for environment into body spongy texture,

1 Chapter 7, parts of 48 Cellular Respiration: Gas Exchange, Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular Respiration ATP Gas Exchange O 2 & CO 2 exchange provides O 2 for aerobic cellular respiration exchange between environment & cells need moist membrane need high surface area Optimizing Gas Exchange Why high surface area? maximizing rate of gas exchange CO 2 & O 2 move across cell membrane by diffusion rate of diffusion proportional to surface area Why moist membranes? moisture maintains cell membrane structure gases diffuse only dissolved in water Gas Exchange in Many Forms one-celled amphibians echinoderms Lungs Exchange surface, but also creates risk: entry point for environment into body spongy texture, honeycombed with moist epithelium insects fish mammals size water vs. land endotherm vs. ectotherm

% oxyhemoglobin saturation % oxyhemoglobin saturation Colonie igh AP Biology Alveoli Gas

m 2 Diffusion of Gases Concentration & pressure drives movement of gases into & out of

2 CO 2 O 2 O 2 CO 2 CO 2 blood lungs blood body emoglobin Why use a carrier molecule?

to animal cells hemocyanin in insects = copper (bluish) hemoglobin in vertebrates = iron

group Cooperativity in emoglobin Binding O 2 binding of O 2 to 1 st subunit causes shape

2 when 1 st subunit releases O 2, causes shape change to other subunits conformational

Shift drop in p lowers affinity of b for O 2 active tissue (producing CO 2 ) lowers

(mm g) O 2 Dissociation Curve for emoglobin increase in temperature lowers affinity of b

2 % oxyhemoglobin saturation % oxyhemoglobin saturation Colonie igh AP Biology Alveoli Gas exchange across thin epithelium of millions of alveoli total surface area in humans ~75 m 2 Diffusion of Gases Concentration & pressure drives movement of gases into & out of blood at both lungs & body tissue capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle O 2 O 2 CO 2 CO 2 O 2 O 2 CO 2 CO 2 blood lungs blood body emoglobin Why use a carrier molecule? O 2 not soluble enough in 2 O for animal needs blood alone could not provide enough O 2 to animal cells hemocyanin in insects = copper (bluish) hemoglobin in vertebrates = iron (reddish) Reversibly binds O 2 loading O 2 at lungs or gills & unloading at cells heme group Cooperativity in emoglobin Binding O 2 binding of O 2 to 1 st subunit causes shape change to other subunits conformational change increasing attraction to O 2 Releasing O 2 when 1 st subunit releases O 2, causes shape change to other subunits conformational change lowers attraction to O 2 cooperativity O 2 Dissociation Curve for emoglobin Bohr Shift drop in p lowers affinity of b for O 2 active tissue (producing CO 2 ) lowers blood p & induces b to release more O 2 Effect of p (CO 2 concentration) p p 7.40 p More O 2 delivered to tissues P O2 (mm g) O 2 Dissociation Curve for emoglobin increase in temperature lowers affinity of b for O 2 active muscle produces heat Effect of Temperature 20 C 37 C More O 2 delivered to tissues P O2 (mm g) 43 C

Fetal emoglobin (bf) bf has greater attraction to O 2 than b low O 2 % by time blood reaches placenta fetal b must be able to bind O 2 with greater attraction than maternal b What is the adaptive

3 Fetal emoglobin (bf) bf has greater attraction to O 2 than b low O 2 % by time blood reaches placenta fetal b must be able to bind O 2 with greater attraction than maternal b What is the adaptive advantage? Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels polysaccharides glucose ex. starch, glycogen other 6C sugars glucose modified ex. galactose, fructose 2 alpha & 2 gamma units Beyond glucose: Proteins proteins amino acids waste N amino group = waste product excreted as ammonia, urea, or uric acid C R O C O carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or at different stages glycolysis Beyond glucose: Fats Fats glycerol & fatty acids glycerol enters glycolysis as DAP glycerol (3C) DAP glycolysis fatty acids 2C acetyl groups acetyl Krebs coa cycle fatty acids enter as acetyl CoA Carbohydrates vs. Fats Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate more C in gram of fat more O in gram of carbohydrate so it s already partly oxidized fat carbohydrate Coordination of digestion & synthesis by regulating Digestion digestion of carbohydrates, fats & proteins all catabolized through same pathways enter at different points cell extracts energy from every source CO 2 Check the energy per gram listings on the Nutritional Fact sheet on all foods

Coordination of digestion & synthesis by regulating s

cell uses points in glycolysis & as links to pathways

fuel, build fat pyruvate glucose intermediaries amino

fatty acids Lipid stops on the Lipid Line Amino Acid AA

4 Coordination of digestion & synthesis by regulating s Synthesis enough energy? build stuff! cell uses points in glycolysis & as links to pathways for synthesis run the pathways backwards eat too much fuel, build fat pyruvate glucose intermediaries amino acids Carbohydrate Carbo Line gluconeogenesis acetyl CoA fatty acids Lipid stops on the Lipid Line Amino Acid AA Line Nucleotide GATC Line Control of Respiration Feedback Control of Cellular Respiration

Colonie igh AP Biology Feedback Inhibition Regulation & coordination of production production is self-limiting final product is inhibitor of earlier step allosteric inhibitor of earlier no

5 Colonie igh AP Biology Feedback Inhibition Regulation & coordination of production production is self-limiting final product is inhibitor of earlier step allosteric inhibitor of earlier no unnecessary accumulation of product A B C D E F G X G is an allosteric inhibitor of 1 Respond to cell s needs Key points of control phosphofructokinase allosteric regulation of can t turn back step before splitting glucose AMP & ADP stimulate ATP inhibits citrate inhibits Why is this regulation important? Balancing act: availability of raw materials vs. energy demands vs. synthesis A Metabolic Economy Basic principles of supply & demand regulate metabolic economy balance the supply of raw materials with the products produced these molecules become feedback regulators they control s at strategic points in glycolysis & AMP, ADP, ATP regulation by final products & raw materials levels of intermediates compounds in the pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other bio-molecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways It s a Balancing Act Balancing synthesis with availability of both energy & raw materials is essential for survival! do it well & you survive longer you survive longer & you have more offspring you have more offspring & you get to take over the world Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & synthesis make ATP or store it as fat

Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular respiration: Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates: Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels. polysaccharides glucose