INTERRELATION OF SERUM ALDOSTERONE WITH SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE DURING HOT AMBIENCE IN POULTRY

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1 INTERRELATION OF SERUM ALDOSTERONE WITH SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE DURING HOT AMBIENCE IN POULTRY Sunil Arora, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Vety. Physiologyand Biochemistry, CVAS, Navania, Rajasthan Nalini Kataria, Professor and Head, Dept. of Vety. Physiology, CVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan Received: 05/05/2017 Edited: 13/05/2017 Accepted: 19/05/2017 Abstract: An investigation was planned to find out interrelation of aldosterone with sodium, potassium and chloride during moderate and hot ambience in poultry birds ageing 6-8 weeks (male). The meansem values of serum aldosterone (pg/ml), sodium, potassium and chloride during moderate ambience were , , , , respectively. During hot ambience the mean value of serum aldosterone level increased significantly (P<0.01) than moderate ambience. Which was followed by a significant (P<0.01) decrease in serum potassium, while significant increase in serum sodium and chloride levels. The correlations studied between aldosterone, and electrolytes i.e. sodium, potassium and chloride were highly significant (P<0.01). Key words: Heat stress, Aldosterone, Electrolytes. Introduction Heat, cold, dehydration crowding regrouping, limit feeding, noise, confinement, trauma, transportation, infections etc. are the common stressors experienced by the poultry birds. When the pressure from the stressors becomes excessive, or in case of physiological threats, new defence mechanisms are initiated, collectively referred to as stress responses. Determination of these mechanisms is an essential part of poultry management. High ambient temperature causes detrimental effect on feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers (Mashsly et al., 2004 and Ozbey and Ozcelik, 2004). During higher temperature, thermoregulatory process results in loss of water and water intake increases (Andersson and Jonasson, 1996). Therefore, if birds are not managed properly, dehydration sets up. Water deficit may change the concentration of metabolites and electrolytes in blood, therefore these parameters would reflect the physiological state of the body during hot ambience. It is important to mention that intervention strategies to deal with heat stress conditions have been the focus of different approaches, including environmental management nutritional manipulation, as well as inclusion of feed additives in the diet (e.g., antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, etc.) and water supplementation with electrolytes (Lucas and Marcos, 2013). Aldosterone hormone from glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex is a key factor required for sodium retention and potassium excretion. Serum sodium and potassium levels are also good indicators to assess the degree of dehydration in birds. Aldosterone along with sodium and potassium present a picture of water retention ability. To study the physiological alterations during hot ambience in male birds is of immense importance as the thermal requirements of broilers changes at different growth periods (Meltzer, 1983). Further information on the composition of the blood of poultry bird is available but relation of endocrinological factors with metabolites and electrolytes during hot ambience in male birds have received scant attention. This impelled the present investigation to determine interrelation of aldosterone with electrolytes i.e. sodium, potassium and chloride during hot ambience in poultry birds having constant effect of high temperature. 74

2 Materials and methods: To assess the effect of hot ambience on serum hormones and electrolytes and interrelation of aldosterone and electrolytes. Blood samples were collected to harvest the serum from sixty male poultry birds (White leghorn) of 6-8 weeks of age. All the poultry birds belonged to a private poultry farm maintained under standard management conditions. Blood samples were collected during moderate and extreme hot ambience. The clear, nonhaemolysed were separated from blood samples and stored in a deep freeze at -200C till analyses. Experimental design: The whole experiment was divided into two periods of moderate and hot ambience. Moderate ambience period comprised of October and November months and extreme hot ambience period of may and June. To assess the effect of hot ambience of various parameters analyzed were compared with those analyzed during moderate months serving as control period. Thirty samples were collected during moderate and thirty during extreme hot ambience. Following parameters were analyzed in the serum during both the ambiences to achieve the objectives: 1) Aldosterone 2) Sodium 3) Potassium 4) Chloride 75 Aldosterone: Serum aldosterone was determined by using coat-a-count aldosterone RIA kit (DPC). Principle: The coat-a-count procedure is a solid phase immunoassay, based on aldosterone-specific antibody immobilised to the wall of polypropylene tube. 125I labelled aldosterone competes for a fixed time with serum aldosterone for limited antibody sites. After incubation, the tube is decanted to separate the bound from free form. The amount of labelled hormone bound to the antibody is inversely related to the amount of unlabelled hormone present in the sample. The radioactivity in the tubes is counted in a gamma counter. The amount of aldosterone present in serum sample is determined from a standard curve. Sodium and potassium: Sodium and potassium were determined by using flame photometer as described by Oser(1976). Chloride: It was determined by standard method of Schales and Schales as described by Oser (1976). Result and discussion: The present investigation was carried out to find out interrelation of aldosterone with sodium, potassium and chloride during moderate and hot ambience in poultry birds when the ambient temperature and relative humidity were as follows: S. Ambience Ambient temperature 0 C Relative Humidity% No. Minimum Maximum 8:00 am 5:00 pm 1. Moderate Hot The mean SEM values of serum aldosterone, sodium, potassium and chloride during moderate and hot ambience are presented in table1 and correlations are presented in table 2.Vo et al. (1978) found increased serum sodium level, Ward and Peterson (1973) observed increased serum chloride level and Borges et al. (2004) reported increased serum chloride and decreased potassium level due to higher temperature in chickens. Development of respiratory alkalosis due to heat stress could have increased plasma sodium and chloride with decreased potassium in poultry birds (Yagci and Altuncul, 2001). The imbalance in sodium and potassium levels in heated birds may not have serious consequences over short terms, but prolonged exposure to extreme high temperature may disturb acid base balance (Edens, 1978) In the present study the sodium, potassium and chloride changes during hot ambience reflected the effect of aldosterone as observed in mammals. Aldosterone is the principle mineralocorticoid in the birds. (Holmes and Phillips, 1976). T. Suganya et.al., 2015 reported that during heat stress in broilers water supplementation with electrolytes intervention along with other supplementation strategies may alleviate heat stress condition.

3 Higher aldosterone could be due to the effect of high temperature in which birds in attempt to regulate the body temperature increases respiratory rate and evaporative heat loss (Wiernusz and Teeter, 1993).This results in decreased ECF volume causing haemconcentration. This phenomenon stimulates the mechanisms related with the aldosterone secretion via different receptors, therefore during dehydration or in a similar condition developing during hot ambience, serum aldosterone rises (Arnason et al., 1986). These features are also well documented for the mammals (Kataria et al., 2000a).the evidences show that in birds aldosterone is controlled by ACTH secreted from pituitary (Harvey at al., 1986). This could be the possible reason of increased aldosterone concentration found in the present investigation. Table 1: Serum calcitonin, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (MeanSEM) in poultry birds during moderate and hot ambience S. No. Effects Aldosterone (pg/ml) Sodium Potassium Chloride 1. Overall (60) Moderate (30) 3. Extreme hot (30) d d d d Figure in parentheses indicate number of birds. 2. The mean value of a parameter in extreme hot ambience has been compared with the respective mean value in moderate ambience. 3. Highly significant (P<0.01) variations have been shown by using superscript d. Table 2: Correlations between Aldosterone and electrolytes in poultry birds S. No. Ambience Parameters Correlated Correlation Coefficient(r) 1. Moderate Aldosterone and Sodium Aldosterone and Potassium Aldosterone and Chloride Hot Aldosterone and Sodium Aldosterone and Potassium Aldosterone and Chloride All the correlations were positive and highly significant (P<0.01). The mean value of serum aldosterone obtained during moderate ambience in the present investigation was more or less similar to those determined by Thomas et al. (1979). The mean value of serum sodium during moderate ambience was similar to that observed by Krishnamoorthy et al.(2006). The mean value of serum chloride during moderate ambience was in agreement to those observed by Bowes et al. (1989) and Lin et al. (2000). Effect of hot ambience on serum aldosterone, sodium, potassium and chloride During hot ambience serum aldosterone level increased significantly (P<0.01) than moderate ambience in present investigation. Deyhim and Teeter (1995) and Saleh (2002) also observed increased aldosterone concentration in heat stressed chicken.

4 Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effect of hot ambience on serum aldosterone, sodium, potassium and chloride. The mean value of sodium during hot ambience was similar to that reported by Vo et al(1978) and Borges et al. (2004).Ward and Peterson (1973) found increased serum chloride; Vo et al(1978) observed an increase in serum chloride and decreased potassium due to higher temperature in chickens. Development of respiratory alkalosis due to high stress could have increased sodium and chloride with decreased potassium in poultry birds (Yagci and Altuncul, 2001). The imbalance in sodium and potassium levels in heated birds may not have serious consequences over short term, but prolonged exposure to extreme high temperature may disturb acid base balance (Edens, 1978). Increasing evidence indicates that much of the variation in response to heat stress is apparently genetically-based (Soleimani et. al.,2011) In the present study the sodium, potassium and chloride changes during hot ambience reflected the effect of aldosterone as observed in mammals. Aldosterone is the principal mineralocorticoid in birds (Holmes Phillips, 1976; Holmes and Pearce, 1978). probably during heat stress, the activation of pituitary-adrenal axis stimulated aldosterone secretion in birds (Radke et al.,1984) Higher aldosterone could be due to the effect of high temperature, in which birds in attempt to regulate the body temperature increases respiratory rate and evaporative heat loss (Wiernusz and Teeter, 1993). This results in decreased extracellular fluid volume causing haemoconcentration. This phenomenon stimulates the mechanism related with the aldosterone secretion via different receptors, therefore during dehydration or in a similar condition developing during hot ambience, serum aldosterone rises (Arnason et al., 1986). These features are also well documented for the mammals (Kataria et al., 2000a). Hot ambience in present study served as a stressor to release ACTH. Unlike in mammals there are evidences that in birds the secretion of aldosterone is controlled by ACTH from pituitary (Harvey et al., 1986). This could be the possible reason of increased aldosterone concentration found in the present study during hot ambience. Interrelation of aldosterone with sodium, potassium and chloride To assess the interrelation during hot ambience between hormone and electrolytes correlations were studied as aldosterone and sodium, aldosterone and potassium and aldosterone and chloride. All were highly significant (p<0.01) and the correlation of aldosterone with sodium and chloride were positive while with potassium negative. This explained the functional significance of aldosterone. Aldosterone favoured sodium retention and potassium excretion (Harvey et al., 1986) as was reflected in the serum levels of these electrolytes in present study. Aldosterone stimulates the renal and extra renal retention of sodium (Skadhauge, 1981). The main path of heat heat dissipation for birds under hot environment is respiratory evaporation (Hillman et al., 1985). When air temperature rises, the respiratory frequency increases (Roup and Bottje, 1993). This thermoregulatory process results in loss of water and water intake increases (Andersson and Jonasson, 1996). Therefore the physiological mechanisms during hot ambience should be seen in context with the dual stress, one of higher temperature and second of dehydration. This explanation could help in understanding the role of aldosterone in hot ambience as was observed in the present study. The results of aldosterone when compared with the results of serum sodium in present study indicated towards efficient handling of salt and water by the birds during condition of stress. Higher aldosterone during hot ambience helped the birds to retain sodium in the bodyas retention of sodium is the primary function of aldosterone. Simultaneously, decreasing potassium levels potentiated the role of aldosterone during hot ambience as observed in mammals (Kataria et al., 2000a). 77

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