Harnessing Cereal Crop Diversity for Improved Health
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1 Harnessing Cereal Crop Diversity for Improved Health Davina Rhodes, PhD, RD Assistant Professor, Nutritional Genomics Department Of Agronomy Kansas State University
2 Overview 1. Nutrition-Related Disorders 2. Health Benefits of Cereal Grains 3. Nutritional Improvement Strategies 4. Contribution of Crop Diversity 5. Next Steps 2
3 Nutrition Disorders Infectious disease Stunted growth Wasting Undernutrition Overnutrition Heart Disease Cancer Type 2 diabetes 3
4 Obesity Humans (37%) Insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes Cancer Osteoarthritis CHD Fatty liver Cats (31%) Insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes Cancer Skin disorders UTI's Dogs (20%) Insulin resistance Cancer Osteoarthritis Hip dysplasia Immune functions UTI's cdc.gov; petobesityprevention.org 4
5 Insulin Resistance Insulin delivers glucose from our food to our cells Cells use glucose for energy Insulin resistance the body doesn t properly respond to insulin Glucose Insulin 5
6 Inflammation Connects Obesity and Insulin Resistance Chronic overnutrition Increased fat and immune cells Fat Cell Immune Cell Inflammatory Proteins Inflammatory proteins Chronic low-grade inflammation Insulin resistance 6
7 What is a Cereal Grain? Cereal Grains Maize Rice Wheat Rye Triticale Barley Sorghum Millet Oats Teff Pseudocereals Amaranth Buckwheat Chia Quinoa Ancient Grains Amaranth Buckwheat Einkorn Emmer Freekah Kamut Millet Quinoa Sorghum 7
8 Health Benefits of Cereal Grains Cereal Grain Intake Decreases Risk Overweight/obesity Cardiovascular disease Type 2 diabetes Cancer All-cause mortality 8
9 Cereal Grain Composition and Physiological Action Fullness Hunger Fat mass Inflammation Insulin sensitivity Insulin resistance 9
10 Nutritional Improvement Strategies Intake of a nutrient in the form of a manufactured drug Supplementation Dietary Diversification Regularly including multiple food species in the diet Complementary Methods for Nutritional Improvement Adding a nutrient into a food during processing Fortification Biofortification Breeding crops to improve their nutritional value 10
11 What is Crop Diversity? Genetic diversity within a crop 11
12 Moving Genes from One Variety to Another (Introgression) Donor Variety Specialty Variety Elite Variety 12
13 Maize Carotenoid Biofortification High Carotenoid Content Adequate Vitamin A Normal health Low Carotenoid Content Vitamin A deficiency -Blindness -Disease -Death 13
14 Impact of Wheat Variety on Autoimmune Diseases Wheat proteins implicated in autoimmune diseases Underutilized wheat varieties have different proteins Genetic diversity decreases incidence of autoimmune disease davesfarm.com Gorelick, et al. The Impact of Diet Wheat Source on the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Lessons Learned from the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse Model. Nutrients
15 Leveraging Crop Diversity for Improved Health Grop Genebank (45,000 varieties) Phenotype and Genotype (400 varieties) Identify Genes Cell Models (20 varieties) Animal Models (2 varieties) Crop Improvement Healthier Grain Products 15
16 Developing Resources to Increase Sorghum Flavonoids Grop Genebank (45,000 varieties) Objective 1 Measure grain flavonoid concentrations and identify genes controlling the variation in concentrations. Phenotype and Genotype (400 varieties) Identify Genes Cell Models (20 varieties) Animal Models (2 varieties) Crop Improvement Healthier Grain Products 16
17 Sorghum Grain Structure and Composition Endosperm Starch Protein Carotenoids Pericarp (Outer seed coat) Tannins (Proanthocyanidins) 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DA s) Carotenoids Germ (embryo) Fatty acids Iron Zinc Testa (Inner seed coat) Tannins (Proanthocyanidins)
18 Sorghum Flavonoids Tannins Concentrated in outer seed coat the bran Found in most wild relatives of cereals, but rare in domesticated cereals 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DAs) Concentrated in outer seed coat and in entire plant Only food source is sorghum Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, LBNL
19 Genes Involved in Flavonoid Production wikipedia Rhodes et al, J. Agric. Food Chem. Ibraheem et al, 2010, Genetics Glover and Martin, J. Current Biology Kawahigashi et al, G3 19
20 Plant Material Global diversity from crop gene bank 400 varieties and breeding lines Planted 2012, 2013, 2014 in Florence, SC Harvested at grain maturity Genotyped each variety 20
21 Number of Varieties Diversity of Sorghum Grain Flavonoid Large range of flavonoid concentrations 0 30 mg GAE/g Concentration of Flavonoids (mg GAE/g) 21
22 Identifying the Genes Controlling Flavonoid Concentrations Rhodes et al, J. Agric. Food Chem. 22
23 Developing Resources to Increase Sorghum Flavonoids Grop Genebank (45,000 varieties) Objective 1 Quantify grain flavonoids and identify genes controlling their variation Objective 2 Identify specific varieties with health benefits by identifying anti-inflammatory properties of sorghum grain with different concentrations of flavonoids Phenotype and Genotype (400 varieties) Identify Genes Cell Models (20 varieties) Animal Models (2 varieties) Crop Improvement Healthier Grain Products 23
24 Identifying Related Sorghum Varieties 400 varieties to 20 varieties Subsets of contrasting flavonoids
25 Decortication and Extraction Whole grain Bran Extract
26 Mouse Macrophage Inflammation Model Toxin to Induce Inflammation NF-kB Inflammatory signaling proteins 26
27 Effects of Sorghum Flavonoids on Inflammation Flavonoid Extract Toxin to Induce Inflammation NF-kB Reduced Pro-inflammatory signaling proteins Rhodes et al, 2016 Journal of Chemistry 27
28 Developing Resources to Increase Sorghum Flavonoids Objective 1 Develop marker assisted breeding resources by quantifying grain flavonoids and identifying genetic markers controlling their variation Objective 2 Identify specific genotypes with health benefits by identifying anti-inflammatory properties of sorghum grain with contrasting levels of flavonoids Grop Genebank (45,000 varieties) Phenotype and Genotype (400 varieties) Identify Genes Cell Models (20 varieties) Animal Models (2 varieties) Crop Improvement Healthier Grain Products 28
29 Characterization of Effects of High Flavonoid Sorghum Grain on Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation Objectives: characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of high flavonoid sorghum grain using mouse models of disease measure the bioavailability of high flavonoid sorghum grain using cell and animal models
30 Development of Molecular Breeding Resources for Increased Grain Carotenoids in Sorghum Objectives: Find sorghum varieties with high concentrations of carotenoids Develop a fast and economical method to measure carotenoid concentrations Identify genes controlling carotenoid concentrations
31 Genetic Improvement of Sorghum Grain Protein Objectives: characterize the protein composition and bioavailability in improved varieties Identify genes controlling protein composition for breeders to use to develop high protein varieties
32 Biofortification Using Cereal Diversity Improves Health Fullness Hunger Fat mass Inflammation Insulin sensitivity Insulin resistance 32
33 Next Steps Work with breeders to develop biofortified varieties Determine effects of food processing on biological activity Feedback from food companies on their priorities CIMMYT 33
34 Breeding for Health 34
35 Breeding for Health 35
36 Acknowledgements Kresovich Lab-USC/Clemson Stephen Kresovich, Rick Boyles, Zach Brenton Rooney Lab-TAMU Bill Rooney, Leo Hoffmann Fantuzzi Lab-UIC Giamila Fantuzzi, Maria Pini USDA-ARS Tom Herald, Scott Bean, Brian Ioerger, Sarah Cox, Neil Baker Sorghum Breeding Programs-KSU Tesfaye Tesso, Ramasamy Perumal, Daniel Hopper Molecular Breeding Group-KSU Ramasamy Perumal, Elfadil Bashir, Geoff Morris, Terry Felderhoff, Zhenbin Hu, Sandeep Marla Funding USDA NIFA AFRI United Sorghum Checkoff Program
37 Questions?
38 Background: Path to Nutritional Genomics M.S. Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago Genetics research Clinical nutrition Professional Experience Diabetes education, Endocrine Clinic, Mt. Sinai Hospital Genetic research on inflammation and chronic disease PhD Integrative Biology, University of South Carolina Diversity, genetics, and health benefits of sorghum grain NIFA Postdoctoral Fellow, USDA-ARS Sorghum grain carotenoids Assistant Professor, Kansas State University Nutritional Genomics
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