Healthy Foods Through Biofortification: Impact on Community Nutrition

Transcription

1 Healthy Foods Through Biofortification: Impact on Community Nutrition H. S. Dhaliwal Akal School of Biotechnology Eternal University Baru Sahib Himachal Pradesh

2 Nearly half of the world population is affected from iron deficiency Welch and Graham, 2005.

3 Wide Spread Zinc Deficiency in Soils and Humans under Risk of its Deficiency (Alloway, 2004, In: Zinc in soils and Crop Nutrition. IZA Publications, Brussels)

4 Target To meet RDA of Zn or Fe for human beings, cereal grains should contain around mg kg -1 Zn and Fe Current level mg kg -1

5 STRATEGIES TO ALLEVIATE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY Supplementation Nutrients directly delivered by means of syrups or pills Dietary diversification Production, processing, marketing and consumption of a wide variety of foods. Fortification Utilize widely accessible, commonly consumed foods to deliver one or more micronutrients. Agronomic fortification Enrichment of nutrients through fertilizer application Biofortification Genetic enhancement of nutritional content of crop cultivars Bioavailability Enhanced bioavailability at the existing and biofortified levels

6 Wheat Biofortification Initiatives CGIAR s HarvestPlus Challenge Program to breed nutrient dense staple foods Synthetic hexaploid wheat from T. dicoccon and Aegilops taushii with high micronutrients were used in CIMMYT wheat breeding program. Developed agronomically superior wheat with 100% more zinc and 30% more iron than the modern cultivars. Zn intake was 72% higher from the biofortified wheat with 95% extraction and 0.5mg/d higher absorption than the control wheat. Department of Biotechnology, Govt. India Biofortification of Wheat for enhanced micronutrients using conventional and molecular breeding Phase I (2005) and Phase II (2011) PAU, Ludhiana using progenitor A and B genomes and related species IARI, New Delhi using progenitor D genome IIT Roorkee; Eternal University, Baru Sahib; GB Pant UA&T, Pantnagar using non-progenitor species with S, U and M genomes

7 Range and mean of grain iron and zinc content of wheat and durum cultivars and wild Triticum and Aegilops species S.No. Species Number of accessions Genome Iron mg/kg Zinc mg/kg Range Mean Range Mean 1 T. aestivum 13 ABD T. durum 2 AB T. boeoticum 19 A m T. dicoccoides 17 AB T.arraraticum 6 AG Ae longissima 5 S l ** Ae. kotschyi 14 US ** Ae. peregrina 10 US ** Ae. cylindrica 3 CD ** Ae. ventricosa 3 DN ** Ae. ovata 3 UM **

8 GRAIN IRON AND ZINC CONTENT OF SOME SELECTED Aegilops DONORS Micronutrient concentration (mg/kg) T. aestivum WL711 Ae. ventricosa Micronutrient content of top wild relatives Ae kotschyi 3573 Ae. kotschyi 3790 Ae. kotschyi 394 Ae. perigrina 3791 Ae. longissima 3770 Ae. kotschyi 393 Accessions Ae.ovata 3800 Ae. longissima 3507 Ae. kotschyi 387 Fe Ae. longissima 28 Ae. kotschyi 3774 Zn

9 Aegilops species used as donors for high grain iron and zinc content

10 Available wheat-aegilops substitution and addition lines with high grain iron and zinc Species Acc. 2n Ch. Aegilops Chrom. Ae. kotschyi , 1U, 2S, 7S, 7U and comb. Ae. kotschyi S, 7U, 2+7 Ae. peregrina 1155, 3519, S, 7S, 7U Ae. longissima S, 2S, 5S, 7S and comb.

11 Biofortified wheat derivatives

12 Wheat -Aegilops addition and substitution lines

13 Recipient Cultivars Donor Species S. No. Recipient Cultivar Fe (ppm) 1. PBW WL UP S. No. Donor Species Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Zn (ppm) 1. Ae. peregrina Ae. kotschyi Ae. longissima ICPMS Analysis of plants harvested in S. No. Derivative Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Harvest Index Chromosome & 2S U S & 2S Derivatives developed U S S U & 7S S S & 7U S

14 Disomic subsitution line for Aegilops kotschyi chromosome 2S Disomic substitution line with 7U of Aegilops kotschyi 3790 Molecular markers also confirmed introgression of group2 chromosomes of Aegilops kotschyi 3790 in and group 7 in

15 Seed and pollen Irradiation and recombination induced compensating translocations from 7U and 7S Seed Pollen ph1b

16 Iron Transport and Deposition in Developing Grains of barley Borg et al. 2009, Plant Soil 325: 15-24

17 Laser capture microdissection transcriptome road map for zinc trafficking from the phloem to the final sequestering sites in the developing grain in barley Tauris et al J Experimental Botany, 60,: ,

18 Iron biofortification in rice by the introduction of multiple genes involved in iron nutrition Fe concentration of T2 polished seeds. T2 seeds from the ear of the main tiller were harvested in a greenhouse and polished Masuda et al SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2 : 543 DOI: /srep00543 Fe concentration in T3 polished seeds obtained from the paddy field

19 Inhibitors and enhancers if micronutrient bioavailability in human Inhibitors Enhancers Phytic acid Ascorbic, Citric, Malic acids Lignins, Cellulose, Inulin Hemicelluloses Tannins, Polyphenols Heavy metals Phytoferritin Vitamin A

20 Why reduce Phytic Acid? Chelates Fe +++, Zn ++, Ca ++ reducing the bioavailability of these micronutrients in monogastric animals causing hidden hunger Phosphorus has to be supplemented additionally in diets for swine, poultry, fish etc. Myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis phosphate Unutilized excreted phytate runs off to lakes and seas, causing eutrophication

21 Enhancing bioavailability of micronutrients Mechanical processing Soaking Fermentation Germination/Endogenous phytases Low phytate mutants Microbial phytases Genetic engineering for phytases Down regulation of MIPs Enhancing promoters Reducing other inhibitors

22 Phytic acid content and bioavailability of iron at different hours of germination of wheat seeds using the coupled in vitro digestion/caco-2 model S.No. Hours of Germination Phytic Acid (g/100g) Reduction in Phytic Acid (%) Fe Bioavailability (% of Control) ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

23 Spikes and seeds of wild type T. monococcum and EMS induced mutants MM225 and MM169 Genotype T. monococcum Lpa mm169 Lpa mm225 Content mg/g Phytic acid % change over wild type T. T. monococcum MM225 MM169 MM225 MM169

24 IRON BIOAVAILABILITY OF LOW PHYTIC ACID MUTANTS MM-169 & MM-225 RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL Triticum monococcum 200 b 150 a Percent of Control T. monococcum MM-169 MM-225

25 Enhanced Zn Bioavailability in low phytic acid mutants of T. monococcum

26 Distribution of minerals in wheat grains Moussavi-Nik et al J. Plant Nutrition 21:

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28 Distribution of micronutrients in rice seeds

29 Protein Quality Lower globulins Higher gliadins Low lysine Low threonine Low tryptophan No storage protein mutant

30 High lysine mutants Crop Mutant Function Reference Wheat Gpc-1 Early senescence, mobilization of nutrients from leaves to grains Uauy et al. 2006,Science: 314:1298 Maize Opaque-2 Reduced Zein proteins and improvement of lysine and tryptophan Mertz et al. 1964, Science 145:279 Barley RisØ1508 Reduced hordein and increase in lysine containing fraction Doll 1973, Hereditas, 74:293 Hiproly Munck et al. 1970, Science 168: 985 Sorghum hl Floury lines IS and IS with high lysine and high protein Singh and Axtell 1993, Crop Sci. 13:535

31 1RS.1BL Wheat-Secale cereale translocation Lr 26 for leaf rust, Lr31 for stem rust, Lr9 for stripe rust and PM8 for powdery mildew resistance Higher root biomass for efficient nutrient and water uptake Higher grain yield and yield components Tolerance to acid soils Reduced strength and sticky dough due to loss of Glu-3 and Gli-1 on 1BS and presence of Sec on 1Rs

32 Removal of Sec locus from 1RS.1BL Translocation Present in 80% Indian wheat varieties Carries Sr31, Lr26, Yr9 and Pm8 genes no longer effective under Indian pathotypes Carries major QTL for root traits enhancing grain yield Removal of Gli-B1 and Glu-B3 and presence of Sec cause sticky doughs

33 Celiac Disease( Gluten Enteropathy) Flattening of villi of small intestines Malabsorption and malnutrition Abdominal pains Chronic diarrhea Vomiting pale, foul smelling and fatty stool Mouth ulcers Weight loss Iron deficiency anemia arthritis Osteoporosis Dermatitis herpetiformis

34 Anderson et al Nature Medicine 6:

35 Golden Rice 2

36 Plant Carotenoid Pathway and Yellow Pigment Mostly lutein(xanthophylls Negligible carotenoids Einkorn Emmer Wheat High(4-12)ppm Medium(3-7.5)ppm Low( )ppm

37 Conclusion Getting possible to biofortify cereals and tuber crops through molecular breeding and genetic engineering at negligible yield losses. Enhance bioavailability at the existing or biofortified levels during food processing. Use of endogenous and exogeneous phytases will be sufficient to meet the RDA. Value addition of cereal brans from feed to food