Index. ARM. See Age-related maculopathy (ARM) ATBC. See Alpha-tocopherol Beta-carotene (ATBC) AVRDC. See World Vegetable Center (AVRDC)

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1 A Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), 104, 105 Activator protein 1 (AP-1), 87 Adaptive immunity antigen presenting cells, B cells and antibody responses, 268 mucosal targeting, 267 peripheral T cells, thymic function, 266 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) blindness, 219 BMES, 221 classification, 220 intervention studies, lutein and zeaxanthin, 221 macular region, 220 MP, 221 MVIP, neovascular exudative, 220 oxidative stress, blue light, plasma zeaxanthin concentration, 222 VECAT, 222 Age-related maculopathy (ARM), 107 Alpha-tocopherol Beta-carotene (ATBC), 225 AMS. S ee Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) Animal research liver antioxidant capacity, 25 Mongolian gerbils, 24 tissue storage, 24 vitamin A bioefficacy, 25 Antibody mucosal surfaces, 268 plasma cells and memory B cells, 268 Antigen presenting cells, Antioxidant response element (ARE), 71 Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cataract (APC), 225 AP-1. See Activator protein 1 (AP-1) APC. See Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cataract (APC) Apoptosis, 196 ARE. See Antioxidant response element (ARE) ARM. See Age-related maculopathy (ARM) ATBC. See Alpha-tocopherol Beta-carotene (ATBC) AVRDC. See World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) B b -carotene 15,15 -monooxygenase (BCMO1) carotenoid eccentric cleavage immunohistochemical analysis, 45 metabolic function, 45 products, autooxidation, 47 RARb, 47 ROS, 46 substrate specificity, 45, 46 cleavage enzyme, 39 human gene expression, 42, 43 lutein, 43 negative feedback regulation, b-carotene absorption, 42 physiological roles, 44 PPRE, 42 recombinant human, 40 sequence alignments, 41 specificity, 40 transcriptional regulation, 41 B cells and antibody, 268 Bioaccessibility, carotenoids bile salt lipid micelles, chylomicrons and secretion, lymphatic system, 114 intestinal absorption, 112 release, food matrix, 112 uptake, intestinal epithelia, 114 Bioavailability carotenoids balanced diet promoting health, 111 and bioaccessibility, fiber, lipid, lipophilic nature, 112 and nutrition, S.A. Tanumihardjo (ed.), Carotenoids and Human Health, Nutrition and Health, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media New York

2 326 Biofortification analytical tools, breeding provitamin A ( see Provitamin A carotenoids) consumer acceptance, 286 farmer, evaluation and demonstrations, food fortification, HarvestPlus project, 274 hybrids, 280 malnutrition, 288 market development, 287 MAS, 278 nutrition education, parallel and interdisciplinary efforts, plant breeding (see Plant breeding) project ownership, 288 seed production, staple foods, 274 strategy, 274 supplementation, 274 Zambia, Bladder cancers, 204 Blood response kinetics dynamic products, characteristics, factors, b-carotene characters, 105 human health, 108 interaction, carotenoids, 108 lycopene, 106 mass balance, humans, xanthophyll, Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), 221 BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD) BMES. See Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) BMI. See Body mass index (BMI) Body mass index (BMI) carotenoid-based gender difference, 144 oxidative stress, 147 serum and adipose tissue, 148 Bone health BMD, 238 bone remodeling, 238 carotenoids, 238, 239 fruits and vegetables, 242 hypervitaminosis A, lutein, zeaxanthin, and b-cryptoxanthin, nutritional approaches, 242 osteoporosis, 238 potential mechanisms, carotenoids antioxidant properties, 239 beneficial effects, 240 b-cryptoxanthin, 240 in vitro studies, 240 lycopene, population-based study, 239 vitamin A, 239 serum concentrations, 241 Bone mineral density (BMD), 238 Breast cancers, 197 Index C Cancer prevention. See Provitamin A carotenoids Cancers bladder, 204 breast, digestive tract, 205 female reproductive tract, 197, 203 lung, lycopene, prostate, a-carotene, 189 b-carotene beneficial effects and mechanisms antioxidant function, 185 malignant transformation, 186 proliferation and apoptosis, 186 transcriptional receptors, considerable amounts, 305, 315 equivalency factor, 307 equivalents and vitamin A value, 308, 309 harmful effects and mechanisms dosage, metabolism, 183, 186 phase I enzymes, 187 pro-oxidant effect, 187 orange varieties, 305 retention, preparation and processing, rich dark-orange varieties, 312 rich food crops, 313 supplemental meals, rich red sweetpotato, 307 vitamin A, 254 b-carotene content orange sweetpotato, vitamin A deficiency, preparation and processing, orange sweetpotato, b -Carotene, reproductive cycle cord blood, 155 cytochrome p450 production, 87 RCT (see Randomized control trial (RCT)) Carotenoid metabolism and enzymology absorption, intestinal mucosa, animal models, 48 b-carotene molecule, 38 beneficial health effects, 30 bioavailability and dietary factors, cleavage enzymes, dietary intake, 30 processing and efflux, enterocyte absorption and metabolism, 34 basolateral secretion, 34 b-carotene, 34 cellular translocation, 35 molecular mechanisms, 35 retinoid precursors and antioxidants, 48 tissue uptake and accumulation, transport, circulation chylomicrons, 35

3 327 HDL, 36 LDL, 36 lipoprotein classes, 36 metabolic pathways, dietary lipids, 37 VLDL, 36 Carotenoid retention and food technology, Carotenoids adequate/inadequate exposure, 167 biochemical processes, 60 biological processes, 167 bioprocessing, 141 body composition, 147 cancer pathogenesis, 89 colorants, birds and fi sh evolution, primitive bacteria, 142 humoral immune response, fetal and early postnatal programming, 175 gender differences, humans, health benefits, 146 intake and gender, 145 interactions, ROS/RNS animals and humans, skin, 79 antioxidant response element, 88 beta-carotene monooxygenase 1 and dioxygenase 2, cation radicals, 83 COX1 and COX2, 87 DNA damage, oxidative reactions, 82 enzymatic processes, 76 humans, macular pigment and light absorption, 79 mechanism, energy transfer, 78 NF-kB, oxidation signaling pathways, 85 plants, leaves, 79 polyene system, 80 protection against superoxide, radical anions, 82 reaction, peroxynitrite, second order rate constant for singlet oxygen, 80 structural characteristics, 76, 77 transcription factor, AP-1, 87 lipophilic nature, 79 and menstrual cycle, 146 metabolism and intracellular pathways, 168 nutrition, reproductive health embryogenesis and morphogenesis, 171 fertility, glucocorticoid transfer, 169 pregnancy, placenta, and stress, 170 oxidation rate, lipid and oxygen consumption, 62 photosynthesis, pro-oxidant, 61 and retinoids (see Retinoids) and ROS regulation, serum concentrations and gender, 145 zeaxanthin, 62 Carotenoids and vitamin A lactation breast involution, 160 fruit and vegetable intake, 160 red palm oil, 158 teratogenic effects, 159 pregnancy hypertensive disorders, 156 maternal night blindness, 155 RCT, 156 serum retinol concentration, 155 smoking, 156 Carotenoids, food sources cellular plastids, 4 content, selected foods, 6 8 b-cryptoxanthin, 11 daily per capita supply, 8 10 fruits and vegetables, 5 genetic variation, 11 HPLC, 5 lycopene, 11, 14 maturation/ripening, fruits, 12 nutrition research, 10 seasonal and geographic effects, 12 structures, foods, 4 thermal and mechanic processing, 13 Carrots animal research, carotenoids, 22 disease-fighting properties, 27 flavonoids, 23 human studies, in vitro research, 24 types, phytochemicals and health bene fi ts orange carrots, 23 purple and black, 24 rainbow, 24 red carrots, solid colored carrots, 23 white carrots, 24 yellow carrots, 23 vegetable consumption, 26 vitamin A, 21 Cataract, CD36. See Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) CGIAR. See Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Cleavage monooxygenases (CMOs), 168 Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), 32 CMC. See Critical micellar concentration (CMC) CMOs. See Cleavage monooxygenases (CMOs) Congenital malformations, 169 Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), 323 COX. See Cyclooxygenases (COX) Critical micellar concentration (CMC), b-cryptoxanthin, , 240, 242 Cyclooxygenases (COX) COX1 and COX2, 87 prostaglandins, 59 unregulated free radical chain reactions, 59

4 328 D Dietary diversification, Dietary fiber b -carotene absorption and conversion, 123 chylomicron synthesis and secretion, 125 physical properties, 124 types, 123, 124 Diet-responsive regulatory network, 135, 137 Digestive tract, cancers, 205 E Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), 70 Embryogenesis and morphogenesis, 171 EPR. See Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) Eye diseases AMD (see Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)) cataract, RP, F Female reproductive tract, cancers, 197, 203 Fertility, Fetal and early postnatal programming, 175 Fortification and biofortification, food, 320 flavonoids, 43 G GAIN. See Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) Gender differences and body composition adipocytes, 148 biochemical effects, sex hormones, 142 body composition and carotenoid concentrations, 147 carotenoid-related health benefits, 146 and carotenoids, 147 colorants, birds and fish, gender and carotenoid intake, 145 humans, mechanisms, lower serum carotenoid concentrations, 147, 148 menstrual cycle, 146 serum concentrations, carotenoid, 145 Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), 323 H HDL. See High-density lipoproteins (HDL) Helen Keller International (HKI), 323 Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), 37 High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 36, 78 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 5, 276, 277, 280 HKI. See Helen Keller International (HKI) Horticultural crops cassava, 301 food crops, 295 genetic improvement, HarvestPlus, 301 ketocarotenoids, 300 nutritional quality, 302 production and delivery, provitamin A carotenoid, vegetables and fruits, 296 vitamin A micronutrient malnutrition, 300 Host factors carotenoid metabolism absorptive pathways, 129 bioavailability, 130 low responder/low converter phenotype, regulatory proteins, 130, 131 retinoic acid, 138 StARD3, 130 gender differences, humans ( see Gender differences and body composition) HPLC. See High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) HSCs. See Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) Hypervitaminosis A, I Innate immunity epithelial surfaces, 264 monocytes/macrophages, 265 NK cells, 265 phagocytic cells, Intestinal mucosa CD36, 32 dietary carotenoids, 33 plasma accumulation, 32 K Ketocarotenoids, 300 Kinetic studies AMS, 104 blood response (see Blood response kinetics) carotenoids in humans, 103 HPLC, 104 mass balance, humans, 104 radiation exposure, 104 L Lactation breast involution, 160 carotenoids and vitamin A, fruit and vegetable intake, 160 infant health and immune function, 161 maternal plasma and milk carotenoid content isomers and metabolic products, 157 lutein and zeaxanthin, 157 variation, 158 Index

5 LDL. See Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) Lipid carotenoid bioavailability food matrices, 119 humans, , 120 in vivo, intestinal uptake and transport, 123 qualitative profile, release and micellarization, Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) endothelial lipase, 134 retinyl ester, 35 Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 36, 78 Low responder/low converter phenotype absorption, regulation, 132 causes, 133 definition, 130 MPOD, 131 tissue uptake, distribution and metabolic effects biochemical mechanisms, 133 BMI, 134 genetic variations, enzymes, 135 LPL, 134 lutein and b -carotene, plasma and breast milk, 134 nutrient status, SNP, genes, 135, 136 LPL. See Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Lung cancers, Lung development, Lutein and zeaxanthin antioxidants, 219 cornea and lens, 219 dietary intake, 228 eye diseases AMD, cataract, RP, eye, regions, 216, 217 measurement devices, MP, 229 meso -zeaxanthin, MP, 216 nuclear cataract, 229 ocular tissues, 218 photoreceptor cell, 219 retina, 217, 218 structures, 216 tubulin, 218 visual function, 227 vitamin A aldehyde, 218 xanthophylls, 217 Lycopene cancer pathways angiogenesis, 196 cell-cell communication, 196 cellular carcinogenic properties, 194, 195 growth factors, 195 human exposures, 194 oxidants and antioxidants, prevention therapies, 196 sex steroids, 195 description, 193 reduction, cancers, 206, 207 vs. tomato, tomato carotenoids, 194 Lymphocyte, 263, 266, 267 M Macular pigment (MP) cone axons, 217 density, lutein and zeaxanthin, 217, 221 visual function, 227 Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), 131 Marker-assisted selection (MAS), 278 MAS. See Marker-assisted selection (MAS) MCT. See Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) Medium chain triglycerides (MCT), 122 Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (MVIP), 222 Mitochondrial vs. cytosolic superoxide ARE, 71 production, superoxide, 70 reperfusion, cardiac tissue, 70 Monocytes/macrophages, 265 MP. See Macular pigment (MP) MPOD. See Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) Mucosal targeting, immune cells, 267 MVIP. See Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (MVIP) Myocardial infarction, 147 N Natural killer (NK) cells, 265 NF-kB. See Nuclear factor kb (NF-kB) Nuclear factor kb (NF-kB) immune system, 85 inflammatory processes, 86 thioredoxin, 86 Nutrient status, host conversion efficiency, 135 diet-responsive regulatory network, 135, 137 RARE, 135 Nutrition, , 285 O Orange sweetpotato, staple/complementary food biofortification program, 314 b -carotene retention, preparation and processing, consumption forms, preparation and processing methods, sensory characteristics, 315 vitamin A deficiency (see vitamin A deficiency) year-round availability and access, Osteoporosis BMD, 238 description, 238 potential mechanisms, carotenoids,

6 330 P Peripheral T cells, Peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE), 42, 43 Phagocytic cells, Placenta, 170 Plant breeding carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, 289 genetically modi fi ed, or transgenic lines, 291 heritability, 289 inbred line and hybrid development, 290 open-pollinated varieties, 291 parents characteristics, 289 recurrent selection, 289 Posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), 224, 225 PPRE. See Peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) Pregnancy carotenoids and vitamin A, maternal plasma concentration, 155 maternal serum b-carotene, 154 night blindness, 161 RBP, 154 vitamin A, 154 Processing methods b-carotene retention, orange sweetpotato, Prostate cancers, Provitamin A carotenoids adaptive immunity and vitamin A ( see Adaptive immunity) anti-infective vitamin, 261 beneficial and harmful effects, 183 bioavailability and metabolism, 184 biofortified maize, breeding program, 275 a-carotene, 189 b-carotene (see b-carotene) chemical structures, 182 clinical supplementation trials, 190 community-based intervention trials, 257 conjugated double bond, 182 creating and supplying demand consumer acceptance, 286 farmer, evaluation and demonstrations, market development, 287 nutrition education, seed production, b-cryptoxanthin, , FAO/WHO, dietary intakes, 256, 257 genetic variation, hypervitaminosis A, immune system, 263 innate immunity and vitamin A ( see Innate immunity) maize hybrids, 280 micronutrient intakes, 257 mucosal immunity, 268 squamous metaplasia, supplementation programs, 268 US dietary reference intakes, 256 vegetables and fruits, 253 vitamin A de fi ciency and childhood mortality, vitamin A intakes, 257 Zambia, PSC. See Posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) Index R Rainbow carrots, 24 Randomized control trial (RCT) childhood asthma, 161 correlation, maternal serum b-carotene concentrations, 160, 161 pregnancy-related mortality, 160 RARb. See Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb ) RARE. See Retinoic acid response element (RARE) RBP. See Retinol-binding protein (RBP) RCT. See Randomized control trial (RCT) REACT. See Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT) Reactive nitrogen species (RNS). See Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) actions, oxygen and nitrogen free radicals, 59, 60 aerobic metabolism, 57 Alzheimer pathogenesis, 59 bimolecular dismutation, superoxide, carotenoids, chronic inflammatory events, 58 COX, 59 diseases and degenerative processes, 58, 59 evolutionary adaptation, 58 forms, nitrogen, generation, singlet oxygen, 63 Haber-Weiss reaction, 66 hydrogen peroxide, 72 hydroxyl radical, interactions, carotenoids (see Carotenoids) Lewis acid, 65 living systems, 57 metabolic processes, 58 mitochondrial vs. cytosolic superoxide, molecular dioxygen, 63 neutralization, 58 nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, 74 oxidative metabolism, oxidative stress, 58 peroxynitrite, peroxy radical, 72 protective mechanism, 58 regulation (see Carotenoids) signal transducers, 59 singlet oxygen, superoxide, 70 tertiary structure, proteins, 60

7 Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Retinoic acid, 262, 264, 266 Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb ), 47, 188 Retinoic acid response element (RARE), 135 Retinoids immune development, lung development, visual development, Retinol-binding protein (RBP), 154, 266 Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT), 225 RP. See Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) S Seed production, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genes, 135, 136 screening, open reading frame, 135 Singlet oxygen direct enzymatic action, 70 EPR, 70 generation, 63 heme proteins, 69 phagocytosis, 69 photosensitizers, 68 SNP. See Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) StARD3. See Steroidogenic acute regulatory domain (StARD3) Steroidogenic acute regulatory domain (StARD3), 130 Supplementation regimens food fortification, 320 programs, 320 vitamin A, 320 T Thymic function, 266 Tomato carotenoids, vs. lycopene, U Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), 277 UNICEF. See United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF), 324 UPLC. See Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) V VAD. See Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) VECAT. See Vitamin E, Cataract, and Age-related Macular Degeneration Trial (VECAT) 331 Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), 36 Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) anemia, b-carotene content, chronic low dietary intake, 249 developing countries, 306 dietary requirement, 308, 309 efficacy and effectiveness, eradication alleviation, 320 biofortification and food fortification, catalytic role, agricultural development, 325 dietary diversification, economic costs, alternative interventions, 320, 321 food fortification, 320 human health and prevent mortality, global effort, 320 individual and household food security, 320 organizations and institutions dedicated, supplementation, 320 fat, meal, food supply, nightblindness, 250, 252, 253 preschool-age children and pregnant women, provitamin A (see Provitamin A carotenoids) public health problem, 258 sensory traits and consumer acceptance, 308, 310 serum retinol concentrations, 250, 251 strategies, 306, 307 supplementation, 253 WHO, 250 zinc absorption, 284 Vitamin E, Cataract, and Age-related Macular Degeneration Trial (VECAT), 222 W WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO), 324 World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), X Xanthophyll kinetics ARM, 107 chronic supplementation, 106 oxygenated carotenoids, 106 plasma kinetics, lutein, 107 serum and macular pigment, 106 Z Zeaxanthin. See Lutein and zeaxanthin

Vitamins. Nafith Abu Tarboush, DDS, MSc, PhD

Vitamins. Nafith Abu Tarboush, DDS, MSc, PhD Vitamins Nafith Abu Tarboush, DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Vitamins Organic compounds required by an organism in tiny amounts as a vital nutrient Cannot be synthesized