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1 Anatomy & Physiology Unit #1 Notes History of Anatomy & Physiology Scope of Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy = Physiology= & Gross Anatomy - that can be seen with the naked eye, whether by observation or. The Origins of Biomedical Science father of medicine - established a code of ethics for physicians (Hippocratic Oath). - emphasized seeking a for disease. ( b.c.e) - believed in both and cause for disease - book Of the Parts of Animals, tried to identify unifying themes - argued structures are made from structures. (129 c 199) - physician to the - wrote the most noteworthy medical textbook of ancient era ; Published On the Motion of Heart and Blood in Animals Before it was believed that digested food traveled to the then turned into blood then traveled through the to who digested it. Organization of the Human Body > > > > Life Processes :sum of all chemical processes that occur in body. Responsiveness: : includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or other structures inside cells. Growth: Differentiation: : either formation of new cells for growth and repair or the production of a new individual. Homeostasis Definition:

2 Appropriate concentration of, appropriate, appropriate. Stress: Internal: External The and systems are under control of the homeostatic mechanisms of the body. : detects deviation and sends signals throughout body to counteract stress. : glands and hormones (chemical messengers), also send signals throughout the body (slower than nervous system). Feedback System Negative: Positive: Chemical Elements Chemistry All is made up of chemical. Of the 109 elements we know of, are found in the human organism. 96% are: Trace Elements:,,,,, magnesium, iodine, and iron (3.9 %) Structure of Atoms An is the basic unit of a chemical element. A group of atoms bonded together is known as a. Compounds A chemical substance that is composed of two or more different. Ionic Bond between a positively charged and negatively charged ion. These are considered bonds. Examples: Covalent Bond A chemical substance that is composed of two or more different elements. Known as the bond.

3 Examples in the human body; Water Hydrogen Bonds A specific type of bond where the positive charge of a hydrogen atom is attracted to the negative charge of another atom. Examples in the human body;

4 Water Holds proteins together Holds bases of DNA together. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic; without Examples in the human body; water & Water Why is water important to the human body; 1.It is a ; other molecules (solutes) dissolve in water. It carries nutrients, wastes, and oxygen around the body. 2.Water helps in ; water helps break down large molecules for digestion. Molecules can also be produced in water. 3.Water absorbs and releases slowly; helps keep a stable internal environment in terms of temperature. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Function: to for cell s basic life activities. -releases lots of energy when it is broken down. - We restore ADP to ATP through several processes in the body collectively know as cellular respiration. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) -Most readily available energy source (used to make ATP), used in some cell structures. -Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and Examples: - (monosaccharide) used for energy. - glycogen (polysaccharide) a long chain a glucose molecules, stored by the liver and skeletal muscles to be used for energy when needed. Divided into 3 major groups: Monosaccharides: simple sugars, building blocks of carbohydrates : two or more monosaccharides, simple sugars Polysaccharides: tens or hundreds of monosaccharides put together, complex sugars Lipids - composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - contains less oxygen than carbohydrates - protect,, and serve as energy reserve

5 Types of Lipids; - Triglycerides: provide 3 times more energy than carbs, but difficult to break down. - Phospholipids; cell membrane ; cholesterol, vitamin D, and some hormones (estrogen and testosterone) Triglycerides Importance in the human body; ; bad fats found mostly in animal products. Saturated fats can cause high cholesterol levels. ; good fats found in oils such as canola oil, olive oil, and peanut oil help to reduce cholesterol levels. Tissues Cell ; Tissue - A layer or group of cells with a function. - Cells Tissues Organs ---Organ System Tissues can be distinguished from each other by cell size, shape, organization, and function. 4 Major Tissue Types,,, Epithelial Tissue - Epi means on top. - Covers body surfaces and organs, also the inner lining for body cavities and lines hollow organs. - Lacks vessels. - Cells divide rapidly. - Cells are tightly packed. - Functions in, secretion,, and excretion. - Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers. - Cell shape - Cell Layers thin flattened cells : cube-like shapes : elongated cells Simple Squamous : Epithelium single layer of cells : two or more layers of cells Often a site for diffusion and filtration. Covers surface. Example: Lines the alveoli of the lungs, forms walls of capillaries, and lines insides of major blood vessels.

6 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Thick due to amount of cell layers. Offers protection. Makes up the outermost layer of skin. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Main functions are secretion and absorption. Found in kidneys, follicles or thyroid gland, covers the ovaries. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Provides more protection that single layer. Often lines the ducts of glands; sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. Simple Columnar Epithelium May ciliated or non-ciliated. Protection, secretion, absorption. Non ciliated lines uterus, stomach, and large intestines. Secretes digestive fluids, absorbs nutrients.

7 Stratified Columnar Epithelium Found on part of the male urethra. Protection and secretion. Connective Tissue - Most abundant tissue type, make up most of body. - Bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue. - Not as tightly packed as epithelial cells. - Contain an (composed of protein fibers and a ground substance). - Have a supply. - Most can cells divide. Adipose Connective Tissue Fat Energy storage. Located beneath skin, in between muscles, around kidneys, behind eye balls, in certain abdominal membranes, on surface of heart, around certain joints. Hyaline Cartilage Most common type. Found on the ends of bones on many joints, soft part of nose, supporting rings of the trachea. Important in the development and growth of bones.

8 Elastic Cartilage More flexible that hyaline. Dense network of fibers in extracellular matrix. Makes up framework for external ear. Blood Composed of cells suspended in extra cellular fluid called plasma. Made of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Transports gases, defends against disease, clotting. Bone Most ridged Contains mineral salts (calcium) between cells as wells as collagen fibers which provide flexibility and reinforce mineral salts. Supports and protects also provides framework. - Contract - Responsible for movement. - Three types; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Forms muscles that attach to bones. Muscle movement & heat production. Controlled by conscious effort. Long and narrow, striated (light and dark markings).

9 Smooth Muscle Lacks striations. Shorter and spindle shaped. Makes of walls of hollow internal organs. Involuntary. Moves food and constricts blood vessels. Cardiac Muscle Only in the heart. Striated and branched. Join end to end. Each cell has a single nucleus. Intercalated disc connects one cell to another. Involuntary. Pumps blood through the body. Nervous Tissue Found in brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Called. Sensory reception and the conduction of electrical impulses.

10 Membranes Combination of an epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue forms an epithelial membrane. 3 Types of Membranes Mucous Membrane Lines a that opens directly to the exterior. Examples: respiratory, digestive tract (small intestine, stomach, esophagus, large intestine), excretory (kidney s), reproductive. Serous Membrane Does not open to exterior, cover organs that lie within cavity. Examples; ; covers lungs ; surrounds heart ; covers abdominal organs Cutaneous Membrane Synovial Cavities Example; Integumentary System The skin and its accessory organs, such as hair, nails, glands, and several specialized receptors make up the integumentary system. Structure Layers of skin 1. : made of epithelial tissue, outer layer 2. : connective tissue, thicker 3. : attaches skin to underlying structures. Function 1. Regulation of body temperature Sensation Synthesis of vitamin D Epidermis Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Contains 4 types of cells: 1. ; protects skin and lying tissue. 2. : produces melanin, absorbs protects against sun exposure.

11 3. Langerhans cell: immunity 4. Merkel cell: sensation of touch ; protein that helps protect skin and underlying structures ; protein that determines skin color and also absorbs UV light, protecting the skin against sun exposure. Layers of Epidermis (superficial to deep.) Stratum : stratified cells completely filled with keratin Stratum lucidum: mostly on hands or soul of feet Stratum granulosum: 5 rows of flattened cells Stratum spinosum: 10 rows of cells, melanin Stratum basale: highly cells (cells always dividing) melanocytes, keratinocytes, Merkel cells Dermis Composed of tissue containing collagen and fibers. Cells of Dermis Adipocytes; fat cells Fibroblasts; synthesize collagen ; immunity cells Structures of the Dermis : small projections of the dermis create ridges in the epidermis (fingerprints). Some dermal papillae contain (Meissner s), nerve endings sensitive to touch. The lower region of the dermis consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, adipose tissue,, nerves, oil glands, and the ducts of. Glands (accessory organs) Sebaceous (Oil) Glands - Secrete - Keeps hair from drying out, prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps skin soft, protects against. Sudoriferous Glands - Sweat glands - ; located in armpit and pubic region - ; located at base of hair follicles - Helps regulate body temperature Hair - primary function is protection - Dead, fused, keratinized cells (protein).

12 - ; smooth muscle fibers that contract making hair stand straight up ( goose bumps ) Hypodermis / Subcutaneous Layer Contains endings called lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles (pressure sensors). Skin Color Skin color is due to melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. All of these pigments contribute to skin color. : varies skin color from pale yellow to black : yellowish-orange pigment found in stratum corneum : causes Caucasian skin to appear pale pink to red depending on the amount of oxygenated blood moving through the dermis. Albinism: inability to produce melanin Freckles: Patches of Accessory Organs Ceruminous Glands - Ear Wax (Cermen) - Provides a sticky barrier against foreign bodies Nails - Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis - Provide grip - - Scratch an itch