Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport
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1 Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport 1 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
2 2 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
3 Substances spread out by diffusion 3 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Particles in solutions and in gases move around and spread out from each other. This process is called diffusion. Where is the smell strongest? The smell is strongest at the sock. The smell becomes weaker further away from the sock, where the gas particles have spread further apart from each other.
4 Diffusion across membranes 4 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Dissolved substances and gases move into and out of cells across the cell membrane. The direction of the net movement of particles is from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until the diffused particles are evenly spread between the two areas. This means they have reached equilibrium. No energy is needed because the particles move down the concentration gradient. high concentration low concentration This is therefore a passive process.
5 Diffusion in action 5 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 What would happen if only the red particles were able to diffuse across the membrane? The red particles would move down their concentration gradient from the area on the left to the area on the right. Net movement will stop when equilibrium is reached.
6 6 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
7 Movement across membranes 7 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Some dissolved substances can continue to move across membranes with the help of carrier proteins, even if equilibrium has been reached. This is called active transport. Unlike passive diffusion, energy is required. This is because the proteins carry substances across the membrane against the concentration gradient.
8 Mechanism of active transport 8 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
9 Active transport in humans 9 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 During digestion, villi in the small intestine absorb soluble nutrients. The concentration of nutrients in the blood soon reaches the same levels as in the intestines. glucose Active transport is used to continue the transport of the small amounts of remaining nutrients against the concentration gradient.
10 10 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
11 What is osmosis? 11 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute to a more concentrated solution across a partiallypermeable membrane. A partially-permeable membrane contains holes that allow water molecules through, but are too small to allow larger molecules through. Osmosis can be demonstrated using visking tubing filled with a solution and placed in a beaker of pure water. partiallypermeable membrane (visking tubing) water glucose
12 12 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Dilute vs. concentrated During osmosis, water molecules diffuse from pure water or dilute solution to more concentrated solutions. Dilute solutions have a high concentration of water molecules. Concentrated solutions have a low concentration of water molecules. pure water dilute solution concentrated solution
13 Osmosis and cells Plant and animal cells are surrounded by a partiallypermeable plasma membrane. This allows water and other small molecules to diffuse into and out of the cells. Plant cells also have a strong cell wall surrounding the membrane which offers support and protection. plasma membrane cell wall plant cell red blood cell 13 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
14 Investigating osmosis 14 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
15 15 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Osmosis in animal cells In pure water, or dilute sugar solutions, osmosis can cause animals cells to swell up and burst. This is called lysis. As the water concentration outside of the animal cell is greater, the water molecules will diffuse into the cell. red blood cell In concentrated sugar solutions, water loss causes the cells to shrink. When this happens to red blood cells, it is called crenation.
16 Osmosis: summary 16 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
17 17 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
18 Replacing what is lost from cells 18 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Most soft drinks contain water, sugar and mineral ions. Sports drinks also contain water and sugar (usually glucose), but have a higher concentration of mineral ions like sodium and potassium. As we sweat, ions leave the cells. Water is then drawn out of the cells by osmosis. Sports drinks are designed to replace the water and mineral ions that have been lost through sweating during exercise. They contain sugar to replace the glucose used up during respiration.
19 19 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Why use sports drinks? Some sports drinks are known as isotonic drinks because they contain a similar combination of water, sugar and mineral ions as the fluids in the human body. They are used by athletes because: they can quickly replace the water and mineral ions lost through sweating they provide an energy boost in the form of a simple carbohydrate: glucose they keep the cells working efficiently. The delicate mineral ion/water balance of the body needs to be maintained in order for the body to function efficiently.
20 Are sports drinks worth it? 20 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Sports drinks are much more expensive than soft drinks. Manufacturers claim that they are an effective way to rehydrate tissues, replace the energy used in exercise and restore the mineral ion balance. Are they right?
21 Evaluation of the claims 21 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012 There is some evidence that water is as effective as a sports drink in keeping the cells hydrated after exercise lasting less than an hour. Diluting water with squash can help to replace the sugar used up in respiration during exercise. The addition of a pinch of salt may also be effective in replacing the most important mineral ions in the cells. It has been claimed that milk can also replenish water, salts and sugars, whilst providing protein and vitamins.
22 Let s evaluate 22 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
23 23 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
24 Glossary 24 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
25 Multiple-choice quiz 25 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2012
INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL ACADEMIC YEAR CHITTAGONG SENIOR SECTION BIOLOGY HANDOUT OSMOSIS, DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT CLASS 9
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