Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference The Situation in California August 12 14, 2012

Transcription

1 Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference The Situation in California August 12 14, 2012 Meeting sponsored by: The Hofshi Foundation University of California, Riverside UC Center for Invasive Pest Research The Huntington Botanical Gardens The Los Angeles Arboretum

2 Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference The Situation in California August 12 14, 2012 Session 4 Biology of the Fungal Symbiont

3 A complex of fungal species associated with polyphagous shot hole borer in California Akif Eskalen, A. Gonzalez, S. Lynch, D.H. Wang, M. Twizeyimana, J. Mayoquin, P. Rugman Jones, R. Stouthamer Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside

4 Symptoms on a backyard avocado tree in South Gate, Los Angeles

5 Symptoms on the bark and cortex tissue

6 Symptoms on the bark and cortex tissue

7 Symptoms on avocado branches (cv. Hass)

8 Symptoms on avocado branches (cv. Hass)

9 Fusarium sp. isolated from both symptomatic plant tissues, beetle and larvae Fusarium sp.

10 Tea Shot hole borer (Euwallacea fornicatus) Female Male

11 Polyphagous Shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp.) Female Male

12 A complex of fungal species associated with PSHB Host Plant Female Beetle Male Beetle Larvae Gallery Wall Fusarium sp. X X X X X Fusarium solani 1 X X Fusarium solani 2 X X Fusarium sp. 2 X X Graphium sp. X X X X X Yeast X X X Female Beetle Hd Fusarium lateridium Fusarium oxysporum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum arbuti Neofusicoccum australe Bionectria ochroieuce Phaeoacremonium sp. Aerobasidium proteae Epicoccum nigrum Exophiala mesophyla Cosmospora cymosa

13 A complex of fungal species associated with PSHB Host Plant Female Beetle Male Beetle Larvae Gallery Wall Fusarium sp. X X X X X Fusarium solani 1 X X Fusarium solani 2 X X Fusarium sp. 2 X X Graphium sp. X X X X X Yeast X X X Female Beetle Bd Fusarium lateridium Fusarium oxysporum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum arbuti Neofusicoccum australe Bionectria ochroieuce Phaeoacremonium sp. Aerobasidium proteae Epicoccum nigrum Exophiala mesophyla Cosmospora cymosa

14 A complex of fungal species associated with PSHB Host Plant Female Beetle Male Beetle Larvae Gallery Wall Fusarium sp. X X X X X Fusarium solani 1 X X Fusarium solani 2 X X Fusarium sp. 2 X X Graphium sp. X X X X X Yeast X X X Male Beetle Fusarium lateridium Fusarium oxysporum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum arbuti Neofusicoccum australe Bionectria ochroieuce Phaeoacremonium sp. Aerobasidium proteae Epicoccum nigrum Exophiala mesophyla Cosmospora cymosa

15 A complex of fungal species associated with PSHB Host Plant Female Beetle Male Beetle Larvae Gallery Wall Fusarium sp. X X X X X Fusarium solani 1 X X Fusarium solani 2 X X Fusarium sp. 2 X X Graphium sp. X X X X X Yeast X X X Larvae Fusarium lateridium Fusarium oxysporum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum arbuti Neofusicoccum australe Bionectria ochroieuce Phaeoacremonium sp. Aerobasidium proteae Epicoccum nigrum Exophiala mesophyla Cosmospora cymosa

16 A complex of fungal species associated with PSHB Host Plant Female Beetle Male Beetle Larvae Gallery Wall Fusarium sp. X X X X X Fusarium solani 1 X X Fusarium solani 2 X X Fusarium sp. 2 X X Graphium sp. X X X X X Yeast X X X Gallery Wall Fusarium lateridium Fusarium oxysporum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum arbuti Neofusicoccum australe Bionectria ochroieuce Phaeoacremonium sp. Aerobasidium proteae Epicoccum nigrum Exophiala mesophyla Cosmospora cymosa

17 A complex of fungal species associated with PSHB Host Plant Female Beetle Male Beetle Larvae Gallery Wall Fusarium sp. X X X X X Fusarium solani 1 X X Fusarium solani 2 X X Fusarium sp. 2 X X Graphium sp. X X X X X Yeast X X X Gallery Wall Fusarium lateridium Fusarium oxysporum Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum arbuti Neofusicoccum australe Bionectria ochroieuce Phaeoacremonium sp. Aerobasidium proteae Epicoccum nigrum Exophiala mesophyla Cosmospora cymosa

18 Maximum parsimony tree from ITS +EF1 α + RPB2 sequence data of Fusarium isolates Fusarium solani Fusarium sp. Fusarium solani Fusarium sp. Fusarium solani California 99 Fusarium sp. Israel Fusarium ambrosium Fusarium sp.

19 Maximum parsimony analysis of the ITS and EF1 α genes Israel Israel Fusarium sp. California Australia India L=299 CI: RI= RC: HI= G fit P= 0.54

20 Maximum parsimony tree from ITS sequence data of Graphium isolates Graphium pseudormiticum Graphium laricis Graphium fimbriisporum Graphium penicillioides Graphium basitruncatum Graphium sp. Graphium carbonarium Pissodes galleries in Salix babylonica

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22 1 mm diameter drill bit Koch s Postulates on Hass

23 Pathogenicity test on Avocado (cv.hass) Fusarium sp. Control

24 Internal symptoms on green shoot of avocado (cv. Hass) Lesion lenght (cm) Fusarium sp. control Fusarium sp. Control

25 Species infested with PSHB v v v v Species infected with Fusarium sp v v v v v v v v v v v v v v Legend Positive finding Fusarium sp./polyphagous Shot Hole Borer Negative Fusarium sp./polyphagous Shot Hole Borer

26 Distribution of infestation in Huntington Botanical Garden

27 Distribution of infestation in LA Arboretum

28 Symptoms on Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)

29 Symptoms on Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)

30 Hosts in California Box Alder (Acer negundo)

31 Hosts in California Box Alder (Acer negundo)

32 Hosts in California English Oak (Quercus robus)

33 Symptoms on avocado (cv. Hass)

34 Hosts in California Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)

35 Detection of Fusarium sp. directly from plant material using Quantitative Real Time PCR EF 1α Forward: ACGTGATTGACCACAAAC Reverse: CAGCGACATACCAATGAC Ladder Water Control Fusarium sp. Fusarium sp. Fusarium solani 188 bp

36 Conclusion Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new disease of avocado and landscape trees caused by new Fusarium sp. vectored by an ambrosia beetle. Multiple species, including Fusarim solani and a new Graphium sp. are associated with PSHB in California Los Angeles and Orange counties thus far are infested with FD/PSHB in California Symptoms of FD on Box elder, castor bean, avocado and English oak are more severe than observed on other hosts. Biology, epidemiology and management strategies are now being investigated.

37 Collaborators Reuben Hofshi, Hosfhi Foundation Mary Lu Arpaia, UC Riverside Tim Thibault, Huntington Botanical Garden Frank McDonogh, LA Arboretum Gevork Arakelian, County Ag. Commissioner in LA Zvi Mendel, Entomologist, Israel Stanley Freeman, Volcani Center, Israel Tom Coleman, Forest Service, Southern California Randy Ploetz, Univ. of Florida Jiri Hulcr, Univ. of North Carolina Kerry O Donnell, NCUR ARS USDA Jerry Turney, County Ag. Commissioner in LA Ben Faber, Farm Advisor, Ventura County Gary bender, Farm Advisor, San Diego County Mary Bianchi, Farm Advisor, Santa Barbara County Jim Downer, Farm Advisor, Santa Barbara County Don Hodel, Farm Advisor, Los Angeles County John Kabashima, Farm Advisor, Orange County California Avocado Commission