Special Thanks! John Hartley Adam Thomas Tim Graham Bego Gerhart Dave Vaughn
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1
2 Special Thanks! John Hartley Adam Thomas Tim Graham Bego Gerhart Dave Vaughn
3 Presentation Order I. Plant facts II. Beetle facts III. Species interactions IV. Tamarisk mortality surveys V. What replaces the tamarisk? VI. The new weevil arrives
4 I The Plant: A few basic facts
5 Quick Facts 90 to 100 species of tamarisk worldwide 10 species in United States 2 species are causing problems, primarily in: Utah Colorado Arizona Texas Wyoming Kansas Montana New Mexico Nevada California Washington Oregon
6 Quick Facts #2 All U.S. tamarisks are non-native The plants found locally are fast growing They had no natural enemies in U.S. when introduced Mature tamarisks can release over 500,000 tiny seeds / year
7 The Flower Wright Robinson
8 Final Facts Seeds can travel by air and water The root systems can penetrate over 100 feet down into the soil Surface roots may reach out 50 feet Tamarisk can deplete available water for other species
9 2011 D. Picard
10 2011 D. Picard
11 Tamarisk Control How to stop em
12 Wright Robinson We Can Cut them Down
13 Wright Robinson
14 Cutting & Nurse Logs Wright Robinson
15 Wright Robinson
16 BLM Photo 2009 We Can Burn them
17 But, after a few weeks Wright Robinson
18 1 Year later - 7 to 8 feet tall Wright Robinson
19 Fire as a Tool for Controlling Tamarix spp. Seedlings Not often used in southwestern riparian ecosystems because: (1) Tamarix can recover rapidly from fire with new shoots from root crown. (2) High soil moisture reduces chances that fire intensity is sufficient enough to kill mature Tamarix. (3) Desired native woody vegetation often slow to recover from fire leaving behind Tamarix infestations. From: Invasive Plant Science and Management 2012 Volume 5 (pages ).
20 Best Burn: Brown or Green? Both burn well. the plant is also a fire hazard, as it is highly flammable even when green and healthy. Quote from Tom Dudley, UC Santa Barbara, in a press release from UCSB Office of Public Affairs 7/12/2012.
21 We Can Cut and Burn them Tim Higgs Fall 2008 Wright Robinson June 2009
22 Wright Robinson Aug. 2009
23 We Can Use Toxic Spray Wright Robinson
24 We Can Use Biocontrol Diorhabda carinulata The tamarisk beetle The saltcedar beetle That little beetle (
25 II The Beetle: A few basic facts
26 Beetle Quick Facts Beetles over-winter as adults in leaf litter Eggs hatch in 5 to 6 days Larvae three stages (called instars), 21 days Pupa out of sight in the leaf litter, 7 days Adults can live 2 4+ weeks in nature
27 The Stages You See Tim Higgs
28 Releasing the Beetles 2004 beetles were first released to control tamarisks in Grand County Release years: 2004, 2005, 2006 Release numbers: about 10,000 adults each time Releases /site: 1 to 3
29 Release Locations
30 Project Background limited observations systematic observations 71 sites routinely monitored in 2012 Other sites monitored less frequently (ex. Blue Hills Road, Mineral Bottom, Floy and Nash Washes)
31 Field Monitoring Techniques Select random target trees GPS the location of each tree Record condition of tree over time Record beetle stages found over time
32
33 Beetles on the Move Grand County Browning by Year
34 Browning 2005 (< 2 ha) Dave Vaughn, 2014
35 William s Bottom 2005 Jerry Shue (2005)
36 2006 (400 ha) Dave Vaughn, 2014
37 2007 (4000 ha) Dave Vaughn, 2014
38 Dave Vaughn, (> 650,000 ha)
39 Williams Bottom August, 2008 Wright Robinson
40 III Beetles & Tamarisk Plants : How do they interact?
41 Green to Brown Larvae Adults Ave. % Green Total Number by Period Percent Green Periods by Year
42 Beetle Numbers and %Green WB Adults & Larvae vs. % Green by Year: % Green Number Periods by Year % Green # Larvae # Adults
43 Young vs. Old Plants PA1 - Mature vs. Re-sprout 2010 % Green Period PA1 mature PA1.25 re-sprout PA9 - Mature vs. Re-sprout 2010 % Green Period PA9 mature PA9 re-sprout
44 IV Tamarisk Mortality: Are the beetles doing their job?
45 What Tamarisk Colors Tell Us Green leaves mean all is well, the plant is healthy. Yellow & brown leaves - no photosynthesis is taking place, the plant is stressed. The plant must draw on food reserves to survive. Brown leaves do NOT always mean the plant is dead!
46 Beetle Math Diorhabda carinulata Wright Robinson
47 + Green Tamarisk (2005) Tim Higgs
48 = Standing Dead Tamarisk (2008) Wright Robinson
49 Even > Standing Dead (2010) Wright Robinson
50
51
52
53
54 Survey Methods Conducted in October Transect 100 X 13 % green for each tamarisk S, M, L for each tamarisk Surveyed 21 sites in 2012
55 Establish 100 Transect Line Wright Robinson
56 13 Wide to Get an Area Wright Robinson
57 2012 Colorado R. 100% Dead vs. Green 100% 80% Percent 60% 40% 20% % Green % Dead 0% CBN3 PA12 PA11 cut WB2 WB2 cut PA burn PA8 PA5.5 cayn PA4 PA3.5 cayn PAP Site 2011 Colorado R. Trees - 100% Dead vs. Green Percent % Green 100% Dead CBN3 PA12 PA11 resprout WB2 WB2 resprout PA Burn re-sprout PA8 PA5.5 (Canyon) PA4 PA3.5 PAP (Canyon) Site
58
59 Survey Methods 2013 Used line-intercept method Total survey length 160 meters: (baseline + random sampling transects) Options: 100 m base with 6 X 10 m transects 80 m base with 4 X 20 m transects 60 m base with 5 X 20 m transects Reading every 0.10 m Surveyed 80 suitable sites
60
61 The 80 Site Locations 23 on riverbanks 53 along drainages 3 at pools where rain collects 1 at an oasis Drove > 500 off highway miles
62 Adam Thomas, 2013
63 Adam Thomas, 2013
64 Adam Thomas, 2013
65 Adam Thomas, 2013
66 Adam Thomas, 2013
67 Adam Thomas, 2013
68 Adam Thomas, 2013
69 % Green by Location Loc. \ % Green % % % % River (23) Drainage (53) Pool (3) Wet (1) Total (% of all 80 sites) 15 (65%) 4 (17%) 1 (5%) 3 (13%) 32 (60%) 15 (28%) 4 (8%) 2 (4%) 3 (100%) (100%) 0 50 (62%) 19 (24%) 6 (8%) 5 (6%)
70 The Most Green Sites 7 of 80 sites were > 70% green 3 sites near base of Book Cliffs 1 site cut in early 2000s 3 sites recent cut and burn locations Average green: 4 cut/burn areas = 83%
71 V Tamarisk Competition: Here comes the sun; who s taking advantage?
72 Tamarisk vs. Skunkbush Wright Robinson
73 Tamarisk vs. Willow Wright Robinson
74 Tamarisk vs. False Willow Wright Robinson
75 Tamarisk vs. Greasewood Wright Robinson
76 Tamarisk vs. Rabbitbrush Wright Robinson
77 Quantitative Method Wright Robinson
78 Reading Transect Tape Wright Robinson
79 Abundant Groundcover Wright Robinson Wright Robinson
80 Mixed Groundcover Wright Robinson
81 Leaf Litter Only Cover
82 Leaving a Thicket Wright Robinson
83 Plants in Thickets: 2012 vs Surveys in September Survey sites: 10 vs. 15 Species observed: 54 vs. 41 Native plants: 29 (58%) vs. 28 (68%) Exotic plants: 21 (42%) vs. 13 (32%)
84 2013 Dominant Plants Goosefoot 11 sites (N) Kochia / bassia 11 sites (E) Tamarisk seedlings 8 sites (E) Cheatgrass 5 sites (E) Rubber rabbitbrush 4 sites (N) Russian thistle 4 sites (E) Skunkbush sumac 4 sites (N)
85 2013 Dominant Plants cont. Tall whitetop 4 (E) Greasewood 3 (N) New Mexico olive 3 (N) Western goldenrod 3 (N) Score: Natives 6 Visitors 5 (we win!)
86 VI. The new tamarisk weevil has arrived in Grand County!!!!! Now what?
87 How much is this guy browning? From:
88 A Few Weevil Facts Coniatus splendidulus Found 2 adults in litter - January, 2012 We saw first pupa cases - June of 2012 By September cases at 60% of 71 sites In 2013 cases at 86% of our 71 sites Cases at very remote desert locations
89 And that brings us to...
90 Wright Robinson
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