Ensuring Food Safety and Nutrition through reduced aflatoxin contaminations and local diverse human diets Dr. Céline Termote, Dr.

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1 Ensuring Food Safety and Nutrition through reduced aflatoxin contaminations and local diverse human diets Dr. Céline Termote, Dr. Johanna Lindahl; Dr. Delia Grace

2 WP4: Role of biodiversity in meeting nutritional requirements of complementary foods for infants and young children in Southern Benin Research question: Why in the presence of high diversity of food sources undernutrition exists at high level in infants and young children in villages of Bopa and Houeyogbe Districts in southern Benin? Objectives: Assessing the current and potential role of local biodiversity in meeting nutritional requirements for complementary foods in IYC (6-23 months) Developing safe, affordable and culturally acceptable optimized recipes and feeding practices guidelines for use in the region through linear programming and community participation

3 Study sites Benin Study districts Mono Departement Rural areas Mono Department (360,000 inh. 2002) Bopa and Houeyogbé communes High food insecurity rate : 40.5% resp. 34.1% in Bopa and Houeyogbe High level of stunting (chronic child undernutrition) > 30% Subequatorial climate of Sudano-Guinean type with 4 seasons Sahouè dominant group + others eg. Fon, Kotafon, Aizo, Adja

4 Dissemination study Comparing effects of video messaging vs traditional messaging (posters/leaflets) Recipe book with improved recipes Culturally sensitive videos/posters/leaflets promoting good feeding and care practices Disseminatio n Communication / Dissemination tools recommended feeding practices/ culturally sensitive messaging Recipe optimisation (linear programming + field testing) Optimization Determinants of complementary feeding practices and nutrition status HH socio-eco status Feeding practices Nutrition status Agr prod / gender Recipe reconstitution Dietary gap analysis Dietary patterns Food composition table Edible plant & animal species: uses, seasonality, preferences Seasonal food price variations Diagnostics (biodiversity, diets and feeding practices) Nutrition/diet diagnostic survey (17 villages, over 1200 HHs) Ethnobiological survey (8 villages, FGDs) Market survey (1 year, 6 markets)

5 A large diversity of edible species documented 146 different edible plant species were documented. The family of the Malvaceae contained the most edible species documented (19 fully identified species) followed by Fabaceae (17 species), Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae (each with 8 species), Solanaceae (7 species) and Annonaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Rutaceae (each with 5 fully identified species). 148 edible animal species formally identified including: 6 domesticated birds, 57 wild birds, 4 crustaceans, 30 fish species, 9 domesticated mammals, 28 wild mammals, 3 mollusks and 11 reptiles 2

6 Locally produced food products consumed 47 food products were consumed (12 animal and 34 plant, 1 mushroom) 3 species had 2 products consumed (eg eggs and meat; leaves and tubers; leaves and grains) 3 food products comprised more than 1 species (eg. Dioscorea spp.)

7 Plant food species from local biodiversity Number of children % of children (n=1183) Maize (Zea mays L.) Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) Oilpalm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Crincrin (Corchorus olitorius L.) Cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp Gombo, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench African eggplant (leaves; Solanum macropcarpon L.) Waterleaf (Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.)* Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) Banane (Musa spp.) Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)

8 Animal food species from local biodiversity Number of children (n=1183) % of children Tilapia (fish) shrimps* eggs Silure noir (fish)* chicken Houéti (fish)* Honey/bees* Antilope* African savannah hare* Sheep Pig Silure blanc (fish) 1 0.1

9 Children s food group consumption Cereal, roots & tubers Legumes and nuts Dairy products Poultry, fish, meat Eggs VitaminA rich fruits & vegetables Other fruits and vegetables Bopa Houeyobe

10 % of children meeting WHO dietary indicators Minimum dietary diversity ( 4 food groups) Bopa Minimum meal frequency Houeyogbe Minimun acceptable diet

11 % of children meeting FAO/WHO recommended nutrient intake Energy Protein Vitamine A Calcium Iron Zinc Bopa Houeyogbe

12 Optimization of recipes and acceptability test with mothers and children

13 Dissemination study: Video versus Traditional nutrition education Findings from the diagnostic study were translated in easy to understand nutrition messages in video and poster format (same messages) Baseline/Endline Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Qualitative Dietary Intake questionnaires (tablet assisted) 4 villages with poster dissemination and 4 with video dissemination randomly assigned; 45 caregivers interviewed per village (103 (29%) replacement at endline)

14 Dissemination study: Video versus Traditional nutrition education 90% of children aged 6-8 months at baseline and 100% after intervention received solid, semi-solid or soft foods during the previous day. MMF, MDD and MAD were not significantly different between poster and video villages at baseline. MMF, MDD and MAD indicators worsened from baseline to endline (74.4% of children reached MMF at baseline compared to 73.4% at endline, while 50.9 resp. 43.5% of children reached MDD resp. MAD at baseline versus 40.3 resp. 33.1% at endline), probably due to seasonal differences, with the endline being performed in the hunger season. The decrease in percentage of children meeting MMF, MDD and MAD was higher in video villages than in poster villages and statistically significant for MDD and MAD indicators

15 Significance and implications of the results The results confirm the richness of local biodiversity that can be used for food and nutrition => implications for diets, food security, agriculture, livelihoods and environment; Concrete examples of opportunities on how to fill the nutrient gaps (i.e. Vitamin A, iron, zinc and calcium), and meet requirements through consumption of a diverse range of locally available foods were shown. This will improve resilience and livelihoods

16 Significance and implications of the results Probability of adequacy of micronutrients from the diet was correlated with caregivers education, this indicates the great potential of culturally sensitive nutrition education for providing information and promoting good feeding practices in order to improve diets and thus maternal and child nutrition Through the development of locally appropriate nutrition messages our research has helped to fill gaps in nutrition education materials both for caregivers as well as for community health workers and agriculture extension agents.

17 What is more in the food? Food security Nutrition security Food safety Food safety Food security

18 20,000,000 18,000,000 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 Other toxins Aflatoxins Helminths Microbial 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Asia Africa Other Havelaar et al., 2015 developing Developed

19 What are mycotoxins? When some moulds grow on crops, they produce toxic substances that can remain in the crops Photo by IITA. Aspergillus naturally infected groundnuts in Mozambique. Photo by CIMMYT.

20 Aflatoxins Toxic byproducts from Aspergillus fungi Acute outbreaks can claim 100s of lives (Kenya outbreak known fatal cases) 4.5 billion people chronically exposed (estimate by US CDC) Cancer Immunosupression Stunting

21 Global issue Estimated that total mycotoxin losses in the states are 1.4 billion USD annually Most countries have legislated limits to reduce exposure EU limits of 4 ppb estimated to decrease African exports by 64% (670 million USD) Many developing countries are not enforcing the laws

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23 From 5 counties in Kenya Samples collected and analyzed (maize=498; millet=205, sorghum=164, feeds=144, milk=512) 76% of maize, 64% of millet and 60% of sorghum samples were positive for aflatoxin B1. Of these, 26% of maize, 10% of millet and 11% of sorghum exceeded Kenya limits. 73% of the feeds tested above Kenya limits. Dairy feed AFB1 levels up to 9,661 ppb (legal limit is 5), 25% to 100% above level. 10 per cent of milk samples exceeded the WHO/FAO limit of 50 parts per trillion AFM1. Milk samples up to 6,999ppt.

24 Post-harvest interventions Tarps Mobile dryers Aflasafe Incentives and subsidies best to motivate use

25 Adoption of post-harvest technologies - IFPRI Subsidy, price incentive both effective 0.8 Proportion of farmers using drying service 0.7 *** ** ** Full price (350 Ksh) Partial subsidy (150 Ksh) Full subsidy (free) Information only Market incentive * p<0.1, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01. White is comparison against next highest price in same incentive treatment; blue against info only. Incentive vs info in full price p-value=0.105.

26 Economic flow Agricultural services Feed produce r Feed seller Veterinary services Farmer Milk retailer Consumer AB1 Corn/feed purchased Treatments Aflatoxin flow AB1 AB1-> AM1 AM1 Corn/feed produced at farm AB1 AM1 Milk produced at farm Human exposure Farmer Consumer

27 Urban milk Kenya- urban milk Milk samples: mean AFM1 was ppt, up to 1675 ppt. 55% of samples exceeded 50 ppt and 6% 500 ppt & women consume 1 litre per day! Kiruni et al. 2016, Afr J Food, Nutr Ag Dev Product Mean price Average AFM1 (ppt) Above 50 ppt Lala (Pasteurized) % Milk (all) % Boiled % Pasteurized % Raw % UHT % Yoghurt (Pasteurized) %

28 Trial in FoodAfrica 2 AB1 Corn/feed purchased Binder Aflatoxin flow AB1 AB1-> AM1 AM1 Corn/feed produced at farm AB1 AM1 Milk produced at farm Human exposure Farmer Consumer

29 Biological control Lactic acid bacteria from fermented food in Kenya 19% of these isolates inhibited the growth of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus 5 highly antifungal LAB tested, and the best bind 43.7%

30 Weather forecasting Risk mapping done in other countries Testing in Kenya

31 Significance and implications Aflatoxins present in foods and feeds Need holistic approach Post-harvest interventions Divert the worst crops to animals and make it safer Novel approaches with technologies Not the only food safety hazard Do no harm!

32 In partnership with:

33 Thank you Johanna Lindahl Céline Termote