1. Blood vessels that absorb the water and solutes leaving the filtrate of the nephron s tubules are called the

Transcription

1 Biology 2330: Lecture Test Five Multiple Choice. Read each question thoroughly before answering. From the choices available, choose the answer that is the most correct. Place all answers on the accompanying answer sheet. 1. Blood vessels that absorb the water and solutes leaving the filtrate of the nephron s tubules are called the a. collecting duct b. vasa recta c. distal tubule d. Bowman s capsule 2. The digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase, a. is secreted by the pancreas to cut the peptide bonds between amino acids of a protein. b. participates in the chemical conversion of fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids. c. is one of two enzymes present in saliva. d. is deactivated by the neutral ph environment of the small intestine. e. cleaves disaccharides from starches like amylose. 3. Which of the following is not a general function of the kidney? a. regulation of blood volume b. regulation of solute concentration of the blood c. regulation of red blood cell synthesis d. elimination of cellular wastes e. stimulation of gastric secretions 4. Saliva provides all of the following functions to digestion except a. lubricate the bolus to ease its movement through the esophagus. b. begin the enzymatic breakdown of protein into polypeptides. c. begin disinfection of food-borne bacteria using lysozymes. d. begin the enzymatic breakdown of amylase into disaccharides. e. add moisture necessary to allow for chemoreception of flavor molecules. 5. T/F. Ureters use peristaltic contractions to propel urine to the bladder. 6. The epiglottis a. initiates swallowing by opening the upper esophageal sphincter. b. relaxes at the time of defecation. c. closes the glottis during swallowing. d. generates action potentials to moderate the micturition reflex. 7. A tubule contains a fluid with a concentration of 300 mosm/kg. Unlike the kidney s tubules, the cells of the tubule in this question present no barrier to the passage of solutes or water; water and solutes are free to move into and out of the tubule. The fluid in the interstitial space surrounding the tubule has a concentration of 600 mosm/kg. Which way will water move? a. into the tubule fluid from the interstitial fluid b. into the interstitial fluid from the tubule fluid c. into the interstitial fluid only if ADH is present 8. Using the same information provided in Question 7, which way will a solute like Na + move? a. into the tubule fluid from the interstitial fluid b. into the interstitial fluid from the tubule fluid c. into the interstitial fluid only if ADH is present 9. Using the same information provided in Question 7, which fluid contains the greater amount of solute? a. interstitial fluid b. tubule fluid

2 10. The nerves controlling secretions of the gastrointestinal glands are located in the a. myentric plexus b. muscularis c. submucosa d. serosa e. mucosa 11. The control over osmosis in the of the nephron controls the volume and concentration of urine. a. Bowman s capsule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. descending loop of Henle d. ascending loop of Henle e. distal convoluted tubule 12. The rugae of the stomach a. consist of three smooth muscle layers: circular, longitudinal, and oblique. b. produce histamine to stimulate the production of HCl. c. allow the stomach wall to stretch without tearing. d. remain closed until the pressure of peristaltic waves opens them. 13. Which of the following ions appears critical to the cotransport of substances out of the filtrate and into the tubular cells? a. Cl - b. Na + c. K + d. HCO3 - e. none of the choices 14. The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by a. the presence of lipids and stomach acid in the duodenum. b. the presence of food in the stomach. c. stretch receptors in the rectum. d. sensory input to the central nervous system. e. all of these stimulate the cephalic phase. 15. What causes fluids and solutes filtered into Bowman s capsule to return to the glomerulus? a. plasma proteins that are remain in the glomerulus due to their size b. blood colloid osmotic pressure c. capsule pressure d. all of the choices are correct 16. If the glomerular capillary pressure is 40 mmhg, the capsule pressure is 10 mmhg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus is 30 mmhg, the filtration pressure is mmhg. a. -20 b. 0 c. 20 d. 60 e Which of the following does not enter the filtrate in Bowman s capsule? a. Na + b. plasma proteins like fibrinogen c. glucose d. amino acids e. K The serosa of the alimentary tract a. is also called the myenteric plexus. b. is the outermost tunic of the tract. c. is responsible for the peristaltic and segmental muscle contractions. d. contains intestinal glands and crypts. 19. Filtration in the renal corpuscle occurs across the a. juxtaglomerular cells. b. tubule cells. c. glomerular endothelium and filtration slits. d. macula densa. e. renal calyx. 20. T/F. All of the secretions into the gastrointestinal tract total about 25 liters daily.

3 21. Lacteals in intestinal villi a. transport absorbed fats. b. rhythmically sway to help propel the chyme. c. secrete secretin and cholecystokinin. d. are removed during colonoscopy procedures. 22. The majority of nutrient absorption from the chyme occurs in the a. proximal small intestine. b. stomach. c. distal small intestine. d. colon. 23. Pancreatic enzymes are ; intestinal enzymes are. a. released into the lumen of the intestine; located in the plasma membranes of intestinal epithelium. b. located in the plasma membranes of intestinal epithelium; released into the lumen of the intestine. c. lipases and nucleases; carbohydrases and proteases. 24. Acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates the release of into the circulatory system. This hormone stimulates secretions of alkaline pancreatic juice. a. gastric inhibitory polypeptide b. bile c. secretin d. gastrin e. nuclease 25. Bile s role in digestion is a. as a protease. b. as a carbohydrase. c. as a lipase. d. emulsification of fat. 26. What is the source of bile secretion? a. gall bladder b. pancreas c. lacteals d. glycogen e. liver 27. What is the initiator of the defecation reflex? a. flatus b. cholecystokinin c. rectal wall stretch d. Politics e. internal bladder pressure 28. This contraction of the intestinal muscularis mixes food with digestive juices and exposes foodstuffs to enzymes present in the intestinal mucosa. a. segmentation b. peristalsis c. deglutition d. detrusor tone 29. During the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, a. duodenal hormones inhibit gastric secretions. b. stomach distention stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. c. mass movements occur to clear the stomach of chyme. d. peristalsis in the esophagus is inhibited. 30. Pepsin a. is secreted as pepsinogen. b. is activated by the acidic environmental of the stomach s lumen. c. is a proteolytic enzyme or protease. d. is deactivated in the duodenum. e. all of the choices are correct. 31. The second to second blood pressure in the glomerulus is controlled by a. angiotensin II. b. ADH. c. vasoconstriction and dilation in the afferent and efferent arteriole. 32. T/F. The kidney actively excretes H + to help control blood ph.

4 33. Processes occurring in the nephron can be categorized into filtration, tubular reabsorption and a. tubular osmosis. b. collecting. c. tubular schmubular. d. tubular secretion. 34. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach? a. absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids b. disinfection of food-borne bacteria c. storage of food d. secretion of gastric juice e. mixing of food with digestive juices 35. The greatest volume of water is reabsorbed from the filtrate by the a. distal convoluted tubule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. descending loop of Henle d. ascending loop of Henle 36. Name the enzyme in the following reaction. CO2 + H2O + carbonic anhydrase > H + + HCO3 - + carbonic anhydrase. a. CO2 b. H2O c. H + d. carbonic anhydrase e. HCO3-37. Gastric glands a. are lined with epithelial cells that produce enzymes, hormones, and HCl. b. are located in the mucosa of the stomach. c. secrete an inactive form of pepsin to protect the mucosa from digestion. d. secrete into the lumen of the stomach via gastric pits. e. all of these choices are correct. 38. Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons a. in their ability to produce a concentrated urine. b. in the location of their loops of Henle in the kidney. c. in the length of their loops of Henle. d. both a. and b. are correct e. a, b, and c are correct 39. In which of the following places within the gastrointestinal tract is the epithelium of the mucosa stratified? a. anal canal b. stomach c. duodenum d. jejunum e. ascending colon 40. Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland to control the volume of urine produced, blood volume and blood pressure? a. antidiuretic hormone b. atrial natriuretic hormone c. aldosterone d. renin 41. Which of the following is considered an accessory organ of digestion? a. stomach b. esophagus c. rectum d. duodenum e. none of the choices 42. The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by a. relaxing smooth muscle. b. stimulating peristalsis and digestive secretions. c. constricting sphincters. 43. T/F. Tight junctions prevent fluids and ions from leaking between the epithelial cells of the renal tubules. 44. The compact ball of capillaries in a nephron is called the

5 a. nephron loop. b. peritubular plexus. c. renal corpuscle. d. glomerulus. e. vasa recta. 45. The sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum is the a. pyloric sphincter. b. gastroesophageal sphincter. c. ileocecal sphincter. d. hepatopancreatic sphincter. 46. Which of the following is not an enzyme? a. amylase b. secretin c. pepsin d. chymotripsin e. lipase 47. The substance in question 46 that is not an enzyme is a. a zymogen. b. a nutrient. c. an emulsifier. d. a neurotransmitter. e. a hormone. 48. Which of the following solutes present in the filtrate is only partially reabsorbed in order to help maintain the medullary concentration gradient? a. amino acids b. urea c. plasma proteins d. water 49. Which portion of the nephron possesses cells with a brush border and many mitochondria? a. Bowman s capsule b. proximal tubule c. loop of Henle d. distal tubule Matching Terms. Match the letters of the definitions to the appropriate numbered terms or match as indicated. Place all answers on the attached answer sheet. No definitions are used more than once. 50. Tunic 51. Enteric plexus 52. Nitrogenous waste 53. Diuretic 54. Retroperitoneal 55. Visceral peritoneum 56. Glomerular filtration rate 57. Sphincter 58. Brush border 59. Chief cells 60. Tubular maximum a. A layer of the gastrointestinal tract. b. Pockets in the wall of the colon created by the lack of longitudinal muscle there. c. Lines the abdominal cavity. d. A kidney tubule cell. e. Urea is an example. f. Stimulates the production of dilute urine. g. About 21% per day. h. Secrete HCl into the gastric juices. i. A form of mechanical breakdown of food. j. Stimulates the production of concentrated urine. k. A liver cell. l. Located outside of the peritoneal cavity m. The highest concentration of a solute in the filtrate that can be completely reabsorbed. n. The nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. o. Fat tags on the outer surface of the colon. p. Secrete pepsinogen into the gastric juices. q. About 180 l/day. r. A muscular or elastic tissue valve controlling the flow of liquids. s. Histologically the same as the serosa or adventitia. t. Another name for the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium. u. Your mother told you not to do this.

6 Written Answer. Prepare a written answer to the following questions. Use separate sheets of paper as necessary. Place your name on all separate sheets. 61. Explain the differences between the words bolus, chyme, and feces. 62. The inner lining of the small intestine is folded (plicae circulares) and contains many villi. The inner lining of the large intestine is smooth. Why the difference? 63. What is countercurrent exchange? How does it function in maintaining a high solute concentration in the renal medulla? 64. The presence of blood cells, large amounts of protein, or glucose in urine suggest the presence of injury or disease. Why aren t these components of blood normal constituents of urine? 65. Explain why fatty bowel movements result from the absence of bile or pancreatic juice. 66. How does blood pressure affect the nephron s ability to produce urine? Under what conditions will the nephron stop producing urine altogether?