Multiphase feeding program for broilers can replace traditional system

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1 210 Scienti Agricol cn replce trditionl system Lucino Huschild*, Cmil Ferreir Delfim Bueno, Aline Remus, Jqueline de Pul Gobi, Renn Di Giovnni Isol, Nilv Kzue Skomur São Pulo Stte University/FCAV Animl Science Dept., Vi de Acesso Prof. Pulo Donto Cstellne, s/n Jboticbl, São Pulo Brzil. *Corresponding uthor Edited by: Concept Mrgret McMnus Pimentel Received June 13, 2014 Accepted September 18, 2014 ABSTRACT: Broilers re trditionlly mnged with feeding progrms tht often consist of three or four phses. In this study we investigted whether multiphse feeding progrm (14 phses) of broilers bsed on the optiml mix of two feeds could replce trditionl four phse system while mintining broiler performnce. To evlute this prposed progrm we mesured vribles of performnce, crcss yield, nd nitrogen excretion. In ddition, we determined if the multiphse feeding progrm (14 phses) would be eqully effective regrdless of bird gender. A totl of 480 dy-old Cobb chicks were used, with n verge weight of ± 0.16 g (femles) nd ± 0.11 g (mles). The birds were distributed in completely rndomized 2 2 fctoril design. Ech tretment consisted of six replictes with 20 nimls per experimentl unit. Results were nlyzed seprtely in two periods (1 21 nd dys) s determined by slughter dte, s well s for the entire growth period (1 42 dys). The multiphse progrm led to improvements in finl body weight nd verge dily weight gin, in ddition to n increse in brest yield. Keywords: Avinesp 1.0, precision nutrition, body composition, levels of lysine Introduction One im in the formultion of diets in niml production systems is to djust the diet to the decline in the niml s nutritionl requirements over the course of growth. Currently, broilers re trditionlly mnged with feeding progrms tht often consist of three or four phses. As consequence, during most of the growth period birds will, necessrily be provided with higher, or lower mounts of nutrients thn their ctul requirements (Buteri et l., 2009). While feeding strtegies tht exceed nutritionl requirements led to high production costs nd environmentl impct due to incresed nitrogen excretion levels (Nhm, 2007), suboptiml nutrient mounts impir performnce. A wy to integrte production, cost, nd impct mitigtion is to use mthemticl models to predict nutritionl requirements on dily bsis (Pesti nd Miller, 1997). Multiphse feeding progrms bsed on these models hve indeed shown fvorble results, nd re emerging s n lterntive to conventionl feeding (Gutierrez et l., 2008). Incresing the number of feeding phses is unfvorble to production logistics. A solution to these logisticl chllenges hs been provided by the development of feeding systems tht mix two diets utomticlly in rel time, llowing the niml s requirements to be met throughout its growth. Therefore, ensuring tht ll requirements re properly met using only two feed formultions poses problem requiring the use of multiple complex lgorithms. This problem ws prtilly solved by modifiction of formultion lgorithms tht llowed for the determintion of the optimum proportion of two diets for every growth period (Létourneu-Montminy et l., 2005). Some reserchers hve investigted the effect of multiphse progrms on the performnce of broilers nd environmentl impct (Gutierrez et l., 2008; Pope nd Emmert, 2001; Pope et l., 2002; Tolimir et l., 2010), but they did not consider the logisticl shortcomings (only two mixed feed in rel time) ssocited with the need to formulte diet for every feeding phse nd difference in nutrient requirements between mle nd femle. In this study, we investigted whether multiphse progrm of broilers bsed on the optiml mix of two feeds, could replce trditionl system while mintining broiler performnce nd if it would be eqully effective regrdless of bird gender. Mterils nd Methods This study ws conducted in Jboticbl, in the stte of São Pulo, Brzil (21º15'16" S; 48º19'19" W, ltitude 607 m). Animls nd experimentl design 480 dy-old Cobb chicks were used, with n verge weight of ± 0.16 g (femles) nd ± 0.11 g (mles). Forty-eight chicks (six mles nd six femles) nerest to the verge body weight were slughtered for initil body composition nlyses (reference group). The remining chicks were distributed in completely rndomized 2 2 fctoril design (sex: mle or femle; feeding progrm: 4 or 14 phses). Ech tretment consisted of six replictes with 20 nimls per experimentl unit. During the experimentl period, the birds were housed in pens with concrete floors nd reused wood shvings, equipped with tubulr feeders nd nipple drinkers. Feed nd wter were provided d libitum throughout the experimentl period. Room temperture begn t 33 C from dy one to three nd ws reduced grdully to rech 24 C t the end of the experiment, nd the reltive humidity ws round

2 %.The lighting progrm ws in line with the recommendtions given in the broiler mngement guide. Nutritionl requirements nd diets Dily lysine requirements were estimted with the id of AVINESP 1.0, nd the level of other nutrients used followed the recommendtions of Rostgno et l. (2011) for broiler mle nd femles of superior performnce. Two premixed A nd B diets were formulted to meet the requirements for the first nd lst dy of the experimentl period (Tble 1), respectively, with reference to the lysine requirement. To obtin the verge requirement of this mino cid in the vrious phses of ech progrm, both diets were mixed in different proportions ccording to the formultion method developed by Létourneu-Montminy et l. (2005). The trditionl progrm supply (four phses) fforded four diets, ech replced t the strt of ech predetermined period (1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 35, nd 36 to 42 Tble 1 Proximte nd nutrient composition of diets used to compose the tretment of nutritionl progrms for mles nd femles. Ingredients (%) Mle Pre-mixtures Femle A B A B Corn Soyben Mel (45 %) Whet Brn Soy Oil Diclcium Phosphte Limestone Slt Minerl Premix Vitmin Premix HCl-Lysine (78 %) DL-Methionine L-Treonine Choline Chloride (60 %) Clculted Composition Crude Protein, % ME, Mcl kg 1 2,960 3,200 2,960 3,263 Clcium, % Avilble Phosphorus, % Sodium, % Lysine, % Digestible Methionine, % Digestible Met+Cys, % Digestible Threonine, % Digestible Tryptophn, % Digestible Gurntee levels per kg: Copper (min) mg kg 1 Iron (min) 50 g kg 1 Mngnese (min) 70 g kg 1 Zinc (min) 50 g kg 1 Iodine (min) mg kg 1, selenium 200 mg kg 1. 2 Gurntee levels per kg: Vitmin A (min) 7,000,000 IU kg 1, Vitmin D3 (min) 2,200,000 IU kg 1 Vitmin E (min) 11,000 IU kg 1, Vitmin K3 (min) 1,600 mg kg 1, vitmin B1 (min) mg kg 1 vitmin B2 (min) mg kg 1, vitmin B6 (min) mg kg 1 vitmin B12 (min) mcg kg 1 Nicin (min) 35 g kg 1 cid pntothenic (minimum) 13 g kg 1 folic cid (minimum) to 800 mg kg 1. dys old) nd the sme ws done in the multiphse feeding progrm (14 phses), in which the diet ws chnged every three dys, giving totl of 14 diets during the experimentl period. The two premixed (A nd B) for both groups of nimls were weighed in blnce nd fter, mixed with horizontl mixer. Experimentl mesurements The performnce ws evluted t 1 21, 22 42, nd 1 42 dys of ge through body weight, verge dily feed intke, protein intke, dily weight gin, feed conversion, nd protein nd ft deposition. Two chicks from ech pen nerest to the pen verge body weight (± 10 %) were selected every 21 dys from 0 to 42 dys of ge nd slughtered by sphyxition with CO 2. They were plced in individul plstic bgs nd kept deep frozen t 20 C prior to body composition nlysis. On dy 42, two more chicks from ech pen nerest to the pen verge body weight (± 10 %) were selected nd slughtered by sphyxition with CO 2 to determine yield rting (%) of crcss, brest, wing, thighs, nd drumsticks. The yield of the eviscerted crcss without hed, neck, nd feet ws clculted ccording to body weight fter fsting, while the yields from the cuts were clculted reltive to the bsolute weight of the crcss. Prior to nlysis, the frozen birds were then cut with bndsw nd milled in n industril met grinder, homogenized, nd liquots removed for storge in Petri dishes nd frozen gin (-20 o C). The smples were then lyophilized, weighed gin nd lter tested for totl mount of dry mtter, protein, nd ft. Ft content of the crcss ws obtined by extrction with petroleum ether in n Ancon unit nd totl nitrogen content in the degresed smples ws quntified by the Kjeldhl method (AOAC, 2005). Results from chemicl nlyses were used to estimte the protein nd ft deposition in ech period. The totl deposition of protein or ft in the body weight ws clculted for ech pen on the bsis of difference between the mounts t the beginning of the period nd on the dy of slughter. The mounts t the beginning of the period were estimted from the initil BW-weight nd BW composition of the reference group. The reference group for the first period (one dy) consisted of 14 mle nd 14 femle broilers slughtered on the first dy. The reference groups for the second nd lst periods (21 nd 42 dys) consisted of two birds per pen from the first nd lst periods, respectively. Deposition rtes for ech period were clculted on the bsis of totl deposition divided by the length of the period (21 dys). Nitrogen excretion ws obtined from the difference between protein consumed (CP cons ) nd body protein (BP body ) ccording to the eqution: (CP cons - BPbody/ period). Sttisticl nlysis Dt were nlyzed ccording to 2 2 fctoril rrngement using the GLM procedure from SAS (St-

3 212 tisticl Anlysis System, version 9.3). The min chrcteristics included gender, feed progrm, nd their interction. For ll response criteri, the pen served s the experimentl unit. Vribility in the dt ws expressed s the pooled SE, nd p < 0.10 ws considered to be sttisticlly significnt. Results Results were nlyzed seprtely in two periods (1 21 nd dys) s determined by slughter dte, s well s for the entire growth period (1 42 dys). In the first period (Tble 2), feeding progrms influenced only body ft (p < 0.07), with deposition 11 % higher in the multiphse progrm (14 phses). All other vribles were not influenced by the progrms (p > 0.10), only by bird gender (p < 0.01). The effect of the progrm, however, on these vribles did not depend on bird gender (p > 0.10). In the second period (Tble 3) finl body weight ws 3 % higher (p < 0.03) in the multiphse progrm. The ADFI of multiphse progrm broilers ws different (4 % higher) from tht of broilers in the progrm with four phses (p < 0.05). The progrms hd no effect on ADG (p > 0.10). Feed conversion ws 1 % worse in the multiphse progrm (p < 0.07). Similrly, protein intke ws 4 % higher for the multiphse progrm (p < 0.095). The progrms hd no effect on protein deposition, ft deposition, body protein, or body ft in this phse (p > 0.10). Gender ffected (p < 0.01) ll vribles except ft deposition nd body ft (p > 0.10), nd there ws no interction between gender nd the feeding progrms. When the totl period ws nlyzed (Tble 4), finl body weight (p < 0.05), ADFI (p < 0.10), nd ADG (p < 0.05) were 2 % higher in the multiphse progrm. The progrms hd no effect on the remining vribles in this phse (p > 0.10). Tble 5 lso shows the nlysis of cut yields. Totl crcss yield ws not influenced by the feeding progrm. Brest yield ws 3 % higher in the multiphse progrm (p < 0.05). Discussion The multiphse progrm led to improvements in finl body weight, in ddition to n increse in brest yield. Specificlly, the use of the mixing method proposed by Létourneu-Montminy et l. (2005) cn en- Tble 2 Men performnce of mle nd femle broilers fed with multiphse progrm (14 phses) or trditionl four phse progrm for the period 1 21 dys dys of ge Feeding Progrm P-vlue Four phses Multiphse Mle Femle Mle Femle Sex Pr. Int. b Finl body weight, g Dily feed intke, g d Body weight gin, g d Feed conversion Feed protein, g d Protein deposition, g d Ft deposition, g d Body protein, g (totl) Body ft, g (totl) Pr. = progrm; b Int. = interction; = Stndrd error of men; F test with 90 % confidence intervl (nlysis of vrince-covrince). Tble 3 Men performnce of mle nd femle broilers fed with multiphse progrm (14 phses) or trditionl four phse progrm for the period dys dys of ge Four phses Feeding Progrm Multiphse Mle Femle Mle Femle P-vlue Sex Pr. Int. b Finl body weight, g Dily feed intke, g d Body weight gin, g d Feed conversion Feed protein, g d Protein deposition, g d Ft deposition, g d Body protein, g (totl) Body ft, g (totl) Pr. = progrm; b Int. = interction; = Stndrd error of men; F test with 90 % confidence intervl.

4 213 Tble 4 Men performnce of mle nd femle broilers obtined by nlysis of vrince-covrince, fed multiphse progrm (14 phses) or four phses progrm, for the totl period of growth dys of ge Four phses Feeding Progrm Multiphse Mle Femle Mle Femle P-vlue Sex Pr. Int. b Finl body weight, g Dily feed intke, g d Body weight gin, g d Feed conversion Feed protein, g d Protein deposition, g d Ft deposition, g d Body protein, g (totl) Body ft, g (totl) N excretion Pr. = progrm; b Int. = interction; = Stndrd error of men; F test with 90 % confidence intervl. Tble 5 Averge yield of crcss nd commercil cuts of mle nd femle broilers obtined by nlysis of covrince, fed with multiphse progrm (14 phses) or trditionl 4-phse progrm, t 42 dys of ge. Yield Four phses Feeding Progrm Multiphse Mle Femle Mle Femle P-vlue Sex Pr. Int. b Crcss (%) Brest (%) Thigh+drumstick (%) Wing (%) Pr. = progrm; b Int. = interction; = Stndrd error of men; F test with 90 % confidence intervl. hnce performnce of broilers, even when compred with trditionl four phse progrms bsed on n verge level of nutrient requirements for ech phse. The pplicbility of logistic shortcomings ws not our objective becuse this hs lredy been exmined by nother study (Gutierrez et l., 2008). The importnt spect for us ws to evlute broiler responses when fed with multiphse progrm using specific mixing method tht follows nutrient requirements. With the exception of body ft content, which ws lower in the four phse progrm, there were no differences in performnce nd crcss yield between the feeding progrms in the initil (1 21 dys) growth phse. Pesti nd Fletcher (1984) observed tht feed conversion efficiency improves during the week following period with indequte protein intke, leding to n increse in the proportion of bdominl ft even though there is decrese in totl body ft content. This corrobortes the observtion tht in the trditionl progrm bsed on verge nutrient requirements within phse, birds experience likely deficit in protein intke in the first hlf of ech phse. Therefore, the lower body ft content in the trditionl progrm could be by-product of this mechnism. Finl body weight nd feed intke were greter in the multiphse progrm in the second period (21 42 dys), lthough feed conversion ws more efficient in the trditionl progrm. This is consistent with the previously mentioned notion tht erly protein restriction nd lower ft content my subsequently improve feed efficiency (Gous et l., 2012; Morn, 1979; Pesti nd Fletcher, 1984). However, no difference in crcss yield between progrms ws observed, which might be explined by compenstory gin in the four phse progrm (Eits et l., 2003). When the entire 42-dy period is considered, there is n overll increse in finl body weight nd verge dily gin in the multiphse progrm, which could be justified by the higher feed intke. Another spect is tht the differences in nutrient levels in the feed between progrms my hve lso ffected the results. While the multiphse progrm follows the bird s requirements, trditionl progrms bsed on verge requirements necessrily provide lower or greter mounts of nutrients thn those needed. An increse in brest yield ws lso observed. This finding is in line with the proposition tht for optimized brest yield, constnt protein intke, nd thus protein input djustment, is necessry during the entire growth period (Eits et l., 2003). Therefore, the compenstory growth observed in the trditionl progrm ws, in ll likelyhood insufficient to generte n increse in brest yield, prticulrly in light of the dverse effects of the lower crude protein intke erly in this phse. In this study, we simulted rel sitution in the trditionl progrm where supplies re expensive nd

5 214 used the fctoril method to define nutritionl level in diets by considering the men requirement of the popultion nd the feed phse. When this method is employed in trditionl feed progrms (few phses), generlly the verge requirement for period of time is used to minimize production costs (, 2010). This implies constnt djustment between nutritionl input nd requirements. Results indicte tht such djustment ws ccomplished in both progrms, s nitrogen excretion ws not ffected by the progrm when the entire period ws considered. We cnnot rule out, however, the possibility tht the differences observed in performnce nd crcss yield between feeding progrms would hve been even greter hd we djusted the trditionl progrm (four phses) by the nutritionl requirements bsed on the first nd not the verge dy of ech phse. Therefore, this study illustrtes the need to better tke into ccount the dynmic nture of nutrient requirements before mking strtegic nutritionl decisions. Overll, the mixing method proposed by Létourneu-Montminy et l. (2005) nd previously used only in pigs (Pomr et l., 2007) cn lso be pplied to the poultry industry to generte improvements in broiler performnce, mking possible the use of multiphse progrms to djust nutrient input in ll phses of broiler growth. Therefore, this feeding progrm llows one to rech precision feeding design tht cn contribute to the reduction nd optimiztion of broiler frms, nd ensure their economic vibility. Conclusion The multiphse feeding progrm bsed on the mixing method llows for improving broilers performnce, in ddition to incresing brest yield, s compred to trditionl progrm (four feeding phses). Acknowledgements To São Pulo Stte Reserch Foundtion (FAPESP 2012/ ) for the grnt tht supported this study. References Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists Interntionl [AOAC] Officil Methods of Anlysis. 18ed. AOAC, Githersburg, MD, USA. Buteri, C.B.; Tvernri, F.C.; Lelis, G.R.; Rostgno, H.S.; Albino, L.F.T Effects of different nutritionl plns on broiler performnce. Brzilin Journl of Poultry Science 11: Eits, R.M.; Kwkkel, R.P.; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Emmns, G.C Responses of broiler chickens to dietry protein: effects of erly life protein nutrition on lter responses. British Poultry Science 44: Gous, R.M.; Emmns, G.C.; Fisher, C The performnce of broilers on feed depends on the feed protein content given previously. South Africn Journl of Animl Science 42: Gutierrez, O.; Surbkti, N.; Hq, A.; Crey, J.B.; Biley, C.A Effect of continuous multiphse feeding schedules on nitrogen excretion nd broiler performnce. The Journl of Applied Poultry Reserch 17: Huschild, L.; Pomr, C.; Lovtto, P Systemtic comprison of the empiricl nd fctoril methods used to estimte the nutrient requirements of growing pigs. Animl 4: Létourneu-Montminy, M.P.; Boucher, C.; Pomr, C.; Dubeu, F.; Dussult, J The impct of using different formultion methods nd feeding progrms on feeding cost nd phosphorous nd nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. Journées de l Recherche Porcine 37: (in French, with bstrct in English). Morn, E.T Crcss qulity chnges with broiler chickens fter dietry protein restriction during growing phse nd finishing period compenstory growth. Poultry Science 58: Nhm, K.H Feed formultions to reduce N excretion nd mmoni emission from poultry mnure. Bioresource Technology 98: Pesti, G.M.; Fletcher, D.L The response of mle broiler chickens to diets with vrious protein contents during the grower nd the finisher phses. British Poultry Science 25: Pesti, G.M.; Miller, B.R Modelling for precision nutrition. The Journl of Applied Poultry Resource 6: Pomr, C.; Pomr, J.; Bbot, D.; Dubeu, F The impct of dily multiphse feeding on niml performnce, body composition, nd nitrogen nd phosphorous excretion in growing-finishing pigs = Effet d une limenttion multiphse quotidienne sur les performnces zootechniques, l composition corporelle et les rejets d zote et de phosphore du porc chrcutier. Journées de l Recherche Porcine 39: (in French). Pope, T.; Emmert, J. L Phse-feeding support mximum growth performnce of broiler chicks from forty-three to seventy-one dys of ge. Poultry Science 80: Pope, T.; Loupe, L.N.; Townsend, J.A.; Emmert, J.L Growth performnce of broilers using phse-feeding pproch with diets switched every other dy from forty-two to sixty-three dys of ge. Poultry Science 81: Rostgno, H.S.; Albino, L.F.T.; Donzele, J.L.; Gomes, P.C.; Oliveir, R.F.; Lopes, D.C.; Ferreir, A.S.; Brreto, S.L.T.; Euclides, R.F Brzilin Tbles for Poultry nd Swine: Composition of Feedstuffs nd Nutritionl Requirements = Tbels Brsileirs pr Aves e Suínos: Composição de Alimentos e Exigêncis Nutricionis. 3ed. Editor UFV, Viços, MG, Brzil (in Portuguese). Tolimir, N.; Perić, L.; Milošević, N.; Bogdnović, V The effect of multiphse nutrition on production performnces of broilers. Biotechnology in Animl Husbndry 26: