Duration of resource: 22 Minutes. Year of Production: Stock code: VEA12046

Transcription

1 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Accidents and injuries occur without warning. When incidents happen in public places, often the welfare of the victim depends on the level of help they receive before qualified paramedics or other professionals can attend to them. For this reason, it makes a lot of sense that as many people as possible have some basic skills in first aid. This program provides a rundown of the issues involved, and the main types of injuries that occur in the community and how they should be treated. It includes what to do in an emergency; legal and moral aspects of first aid; fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains; neck, head and spinal injuries; hypothermia and hyperthermia; and CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) (both hands-only, and hand and mouth procedures). It provides clear verbal and visual information, portraying some typical scenarios in public places where immediate first aid intervention is required, and demonstrating the correct ways to administer relevant procedures. This program is an ideal learning resource for those studying first aid at an introductory level. Duration of resource: 22 Minutes Year of Production: 2013 Stock code: VEA12046 Resource written by: Megan Bertenshaw PDHPE Coordinator M. Physical Ed, B.Sec Ed Human Movt & Health

2 For Teachers Introduction This program focuses on developing an understanding of how to manage a range of emergency first aid situations that may occur in the community. The aim is to provide a practical approach to address current first aid procedures and practices that can be used by anyone who may find themselves as the primary first aider at home, at school or work, during sport, at the shops, on the road or even in the bush. This resource is divided into a number of segments that cover a range of topics including 1. DRSABCD, 2. Legal & moral obligations, 3. Fractures, dislocations, strains & sprains 4. Neck, head and spinal injuries 5. Hypothermia 6. Hyperthermia. Key concepts such as hazards, signs and symptoms, assessment and management are all explored using specific examples and demonstrations from around the community. The program features interviews with Claire Lobb an emergency specialist who provides and clear and simple guidelines on how to manage a variety of injuries and serious medical conditions that can occur in the community. Information is also given about contacting emergency services and CPR techniques. Timeline 00:00:00 What to do in an emergency 00:04:49 Legal and moral aspects of first aid 00:08:22 Fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains 00:13:27 Neck, head and spinal injuries 00:17:42 Hypothermia and hyperthermia 00:21:10 Credits 00:22:02 End program CPR Timeline 00:00:00 00:01:10 Bonus clips - CPR Hands Only CPR Timeline 00:00:00 00:01:00 Bonus clips Hands Only CPR Related Titles First Aid Emergencies: Home Recommended Resources

3 Student Worksheet Initiate Prior Learning 1. As a class brainstorm a list of the injuries or medical emergencies that you have had, have seen or think you might see in the community (e.g. at sport). 2. Recall one major injury or medical emergency that you have had or seen in the community. Write down the steps that were taken in first aid. 3. Describe how you know if someone has seriously injured themselves. 3

4 4. In pairs, research one type of injury or medical condition that could occur in the community. Describe the injury or medical condition and how it is managed. 5. Research the RICER or DRSABCD procedure. Provide a summary and flow chart of this procedure. RICER 4

5 DRSABDC 5

6 Active Viewing Guide What to do in an emergency 1. Fill in the words that match the acronym D R S A B C D 2. Identify the two emergency numbers that you can use to call for help and identify when you would use them. Legal and moral aspects of first aid 3. For each of the terms below, give an example of how it relates to giving first aid. a) Duty of care b) Good Samaritan c) Common Sense 6

7 d) Consent e) Negligence Fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains 4. Complete the table below identifying the showing signs, symptoms and management of fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains. Injury / Medical Condition Fractures Dislocations Signs & Symptoms Sound from bone breaking Pain at the site Swelling and deformity Tenderness Loss of power or function of limb Difficult to achieve normal range of movement May be bruising Management DRSABCD Support with soft padding Immobilise Apply ice Elevate if possible Seek medical attention Sprains and strains Management of soft tissue (sprains and strains) injuries requires application of the RICER principal. 7

8 5. Draw a line from the injury type to the matching description Type of Injury Direct Fracture Description When a blow to the body causes a break in another bone, or when a muscle pulls violently on the bone which separates a bone fragment. Indirect fracture When the bones are separated at the joint. Close Fracture A bone may break when it receives a direct blow from contact with another person, obstacle or the ground. Open Fracture When a bone is broken but the skin is unbroken. Complicated Fracture Are stretching or tearing of a ligament supporting a joint. Tear or Strain When a bone is broken and it damages organs and blood vessels. Sprain A disruption of the fibres of a muscle or tendon (stretched or torn) Dislocation When a bone is broken and it protrudes from the skin. 8

9 6. Complete the table below showing the RICER Procedure Why How When Rest Ice Compression Ice to reduce: Pain Blood flow Swelling Spasm Enzyme activity Tissue demand for oxygen Cause blood vessels to constrict thus decreasing circulation and inflammation. Place in a comfortable position with the injury elevated and supported. Should be applied to site and surrounding area Crushed ice in wet towel and wrapped around injury or Frozen gel packs using a towel as an insulator (as frozen gel is colder than ice) or Immersion in a bucket of iced water Wrap an elastic bandage over the injured area, covering both above and below the site. Depending on severity, injury should be relatively inactive for hours. Until beginning a program of careful mobilisation. At the time of injury and reapplied periodically for at least 24 hours. Elevation Decrease bleeding Reduce swelling Reduce throbbing Whenever possible during the day and for the following two or three nights. Referral Appointment with a doctor or physiotherapist As soon as possible following the injury. 7. Why do you think is it important to cover the ice before applying it to the injury? 9

10 Neck, head and spinal injuries 8. Complete the table below identifying the showing signs, symptoms and management of head, neck and spinal injuries. Injury / Medical Condition Neck and spinal injury Head injury (e.g. skull fracture) and concussions Eye injuries Nasal injuries Teeth injuries Signs & Symptoms Pain at, near or below the site of the injury Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet Tenderness over the site of injury Loss of power, movement or impaired movement below the site of injury Pain Swelling Deformity Bruising Bleeding from nose Bleeding from mouth Dislodged tooth Pain Management Pain at, near or below the site of the injury. DRSABCD Support the head or neck Keep airways open If conscious, lay in the lateral position Do not apply pressure to a bleeding head if a skull fracture is suspected (if the eyelids are discoloured or there is bleeding from one or both ears, it is usually a sign that the skull has been fractured) If fluid is coming out of the ear, cover with sterile dressing and lay casualty on injured side to allow fluid to drain. Seek medical attention Avoid rubbing eye and removal of embedded objects If the injury is minor flush with saline solution or clean water Lay in the lateral position Cover both eyes Seek medical attention 10

11 Hypothermia and hyperthermia 9. Complete the table below identifying the showing signs, symptoms and management of temperature related conditions. Injury / Medical Condition Hypothermia Signs & Symptoms Shivering Extreme tiredness and complaining of being cold Slow responses to stimulus Visual disturbance Slurred speech Negative reactions to others offering assistance Slow and weak pulse Skin that is cold to the touch. Eventually, the casualty will collapse and fall in to a coma. Management Hyperthermia Assist the casualty to a cool, shaded area and administer plenty of water Sponge the person with cool water Remove restricted clothing to reduce the body temperature Cover the casualty with a wet sheet and fan the casualty with newspaper or whatever is available Seek urgent medical assistance 10. When treating hypothermia, why do you think it is important not to try to warm the person too quickly? 11

12 Extension Activities 1. Practical activity: You will be given an injury or medical condition. In groups of 2-3 you will have to manage the injury or medical condition as if you were the first responder in an emergency situation. You will present it to the class. 2. You will be given a type of injury or medical condition. You are to research the injury or medical condition and design a pamphlet showing a description, signs and symptoms, management / first aid. 3. Practical activity: On a mannequin practice the DRSABCD regime. 4. Develop a slide show or photostory that recognises all major injuries or medical conditions that can occur in the community, and the first aid procedures used to treat them. 5. Design a collage showing all the major injuries and medical conditions that can occur in the community and preventative actions that can be taken. 12

13 Suggested Student Responses Initiate Prior Learning 1. As a class brainstorm a list of the injuries or medical emergencies that you have had, have seen or think you might see in the community (e.g. at sport). Answers will vary 2. Recall one major injury or medical emergency that you have had or seen in the community. Write down the steps that were taken in first aid. Answers will vary 3. Describe how you know if someone has seriously injured themselves. Severe Pain, Unconscious, Severe Bleeding, Not breathing, No Pulse 4. In pairs, research one type of injury or medical condition that could occur in the community. Describe the injury or medical condition and how it is managed. Answers will vary 5. Research the RICER or DRSABCD procedure. Provide a summary and flow chart of this procedure. Example shown below. Pictures should be added, along with the appropriate emergency contact numbers. RICER R I C E R Rest the injury Use ice to reduce the swelling Use a compression bandage Keep the injury elevated Refer the casualty to a medical professional for help immediately DRSABDC D R S A B C D Danger? Responsive? Send for help? Airway clear? Breathing normal? CPR needed? Defibrillator needed? 13

14 Active Viewing Guide What to do in an emergency 1. Fill in the words that match the acronym D Danger R Response S Send for Help A Airways B Breathing C CPR / Compressions D Defibrillator 2. Identify the two emergency numbers that you can use to call for help and identify when you would use them. 000 (Aus), 111 (New Zealand) Landline. You know your location. 112 Mobile. Enables emergency service to locate you via GPS signal Legal and moral aspects of first aid 3. For each of the terms below, give an example of how it relates to giving first aid. a) Duty of care People with a legal responsibility to care for another person e.g. teachers, doctors, nurses, lifesaver b) Good Samaritan Random person on the street helping someone in need c) Common Sense Not running into a burning building d) Consent You must ask the person or a guardian if they want you to help them unless unconscious e) Negligence It must be proven that you made the situation worse by your actions 14

15 Fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains 4. Complete the table below identifying the showing signs, symptoms and management of fractures, dislocations, strains and sprains. Injury / Medical Condition Fractures Dislocations Sprains and strains Signs & Symptoms Sound from bone breaking Pain at the site Swelling and deformity Tenderness Loss of power or function of limb Difficult to achieve normal range of movement May be bruising The bone is dislodged from the joint Swelling Discolouration Pain Deformity Tenderness Inability to move body part Pain at site Bleeding may cause discolouration around injury Any movement in the form of stretching and any pressure on or around the injury will result in Sharpe pain Swelling Management DRSABCD Control bleeding Immobilise with a sling or splint Observe for shock and treat if necessary Seek medical attention Do not try to move the bone back in to place DRSABCD Support with soft padding Immobilise Apply ice Elevate if possible Seek medical attention Management of soft tissue (sprains and strains) injuries requires application of the RICER principal. 15

16 5. Draw a line from the injury type to the matching description Type of Injury Direct Fracture Description When a blow to the body causes a break in another bone, or when a muscle pulls violently on the bone which separates a bone fragment. Indirect fracture When the bones are separated at the joint. Close Fracture A bone may break when it receives a direct blow from contact with another person, obstacle or the ground. Open Fracture When a bone is broken but the skin is unbroken. Complicated Fracture Are stretching or tearing of a ligament supporting a joint. Tear or Strain When a bone is broken and it damages organs and blood vessels. Sprain A disruption of the fibres of a muscle or tendon (stretched or torn) Dislocation When a bone is broken and it protrudes from the skin. 16

17 6. Complete the table below showing the RICER Procedure Why How When Rest To reduce bleeding into the injury Prevent further injury Place in a comfortable position with the injury elevated and supported. Depending on severity, injury should be relatively inactive for hours. Until beginning a program of careful mobilisation. Ice Ice to reduce: Pain Blood flow Swelling Spasm Enzyme activity Tissue demand for oxygen Cause blood vessels to constrict thus decreasing circulation and inflammation. Should be applied to site and surrounding area Crushed ice in wet towel and wrapped around injury or Frozen gel packs using a towel as an insulator (as frozen gel is colder than ice) or Immersion in a bucket of iced water 20 minutes (until area is numb) every hour up to four days Compression Decreases bleeding Reduce swelling Wrap an elastic bandage over the injured area, covering both above and below the site. At the time of injury and reapplied periodically for at least 24 hours. Elevation Decrease bleeding Reduce swelling Reduce throbbing Raise the injured area above the level of the heart by placing a support (e.g. pillow) under the injury. Whenever possible during the day and for the following two or three nights. Referral To understand the nature and extent of the injury To seek guidance in a program of rehabilitation Appointment with a doctor or physiotherapist As soon as possible following the injury. 7. Why do you think it is important to cover the ice before applying it to the injury? Insulating material, such as towels, prevents possible tissue damage from overexposure to cold and ice burns 17

18 Neck, head and spinal injuries 8. Complete the table below identifying the showing signs, symptoms and management of head, neck and spinal injuries. Injury / Medical Condition Neck and spinal injury Head injury (e.g. skull fracture) and concussions Eye injuries Signs & Symptoms Pain at, near or below the site of the injury Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet Tenderness over the site of injury Loss of power, movement or impaired movement below the site of injury Blurred vision Loss of memory Headache Change in size of one pupil Bleeding from the nose or ears Abnormal response to commands Sign of confusion Slurred speech Nausea Loss of limb function Loss of consciousness Irritation to the eye Watering Redness Pain to the eye Inability to open Management Calm the casualty if conscious. Follow the DRSABCD plan if the casualty is unconscious. Whenever moving the casualty, always ensure that the neck and spine are supported at all times to prevent any twisting or bending movement. Carefully loosen any tight clothing. DO NOT move the casualty unless they are in danger. Hold the casualty s head and spine steady with supports or apply a cervical collar, if available. A folded towel or newspaper can be used as a collar. Call for an ambulance. Pain at, near or below the site of the injury. DRSABCD Support the head or neck Keep airways open If conscious, lay in the lateral position Do not apply pressure to a bleeding head if a skull fracture is suspected (if the eyelids are discoloured or there is bleeding from one or both ears, it is usually a sign that the skull has been fractured) If fluid is coming out of the ear, cover with sterile dressing and lay casualty on injured side to allow fluid to drain. Seek medical attention Avoid rubbing eye and removal of embedded objects If the injury is minor, flush with saline solution or clean water Lay in the lateral position Cover both eyes Seek medical attention 18

19 Nasal injuries Teeth injuries Pain Swelling Deformity Bruising Bleeding from nose Bleeding from mouth Dislodged tooth Pain Instruct casualty to breathe through mouth Blowing the nose should be avoided Assume sitting position with head and shoulders leaning forward Apply pressure with the index finger and thumb to the soft part of the nose just below the bone Apply pressure for 10 minutes or until bleeding stops Apply ice or cooling to the back of the neck or forehead Seek medical attention Lean forward to drain blood Loose teeth keep in place with aluminium foil and see dentist Dislodged tooth re-implant in place and splint to an adjacent tooth using aluminium foil If not, put tooth in milk or clean it with saliva or saline solution Go to dentist immediately Do not handle the root of the tooth (hygiene is important) 19

20 Hypothermia and hyperthermia 9. Complete the table below identifying the showing signs, symptoms and management of temperature related conditions. Injury / Medical Condition Hypothermia Signs & Symptoms Shivering Extreme tiredness and complaining of being cold Slow responses to stimulus Visual disturbance Slurred speech Negative reactions to others offering assistance Slow and weak pulse Skin that is cold to the touch. Eventually, the casualty will collapse and fall in to a coma. Management Make the casualty comfortable and remove wet clothing. Remove clothing; however, only do so if there are warm blankets or other items (such as a foil wrap) to ensure the casualty s body temperature is raised. Ensure that there is a waterproof barrier between the casualty and the ground, such as plastic sheeting or several wind jackets. Place the casualty in a sleeping bag with another person, as body heat will assist in slowly warming the casualty. Provide warm, sweet drinks for the casualty to sip slowly. Seek medical support when the weather conditions allow. Do not light a fire to warm the casualty, as this raises the temperature too quickly. Also, do not rub the cold areas of the body to raise the body temperature. 20

21 Overheating is indicated by: excessive sweating dizziness raised body temperature sometimes shock. If not recognised or left untreated, overheating can develop into heat cramps and exhaustion. Hyperthermia Heat Exhaustion is indicated by: severe muscle cramps dizziness / headache feelings of being faint and weak rapid, weak pulse profuse sweating clammy, pale skin fatigue and uncoordinated thirsty dilated pupils Heat stroke is a serious and potentially fatal condition. lost ability to control his or her body temperature reddish blue skin no evidence of sweat (because the body is dehydrated) headache and constricted pupils strong and bounding pulse noisy breathing The casualty may lapse into unconsciousness or cardiac arrest Assist the casualty to a cool, shaded area and administer plenty of water Sponge the person with cool water Remove restricted clothing to reduce the body temperature Cover the casualty with a wet sheet and fan the casualty with newspaper or whatever is available Seek urgent medical assistance 10. When treating hypothermia, why do you think it is important not to try to warm the person too quickly? Avoid warming a person to quickly so their body doesn t go into shock. 21