MITIGATION OF FAULTY SPINAL POSTURES USING EXERCISES WITH HAND APPARATUS

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1 MITIGATION OF FAULTY SPINAL POSTURES USING EXERCISES WITH HAND APPARATUS Cristina Elena MORARU 1, Alice Viviana ŢOCU 2 1,2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, 3 Toma Cozma Street, Iasi, Romania gimcristinamoraru@yahoo.com, Abstract Rhythmic gymnastics is among the sports causing faulty postures, characterized by exaggerated spinal curvatures or abnormal curvatures. The purpose of this paper is to ensure harmonious physical development, improved posture and maximum sports training efficiency. Through this paper, we propose to assess the hypothesis according to which the faulty spinal postures emerged in the female rhythmic gymnasts can be improved using exercises with portable apparatus, applied both prophylactically and correctively, to determine better posture. In this respect, we monitored a fourth-category gymnast aged 8, diagnosed with levoconvex dorsolumbar scoliotic posture and hyperlordotic posture. For measurements, the GPS 400 Global Postural System stabilometric platform was used. Her therapeutic plan consisted of a three-month exercise program with portable apparatus, 3 time a week, 50 minutes each. After applying the program, we noted a frontal plane progress; at the initial test, the shoulder had a 3.5 depression, while 3 at the final one. Waist triangle the right decreased to 1.8 cm at the final test, from 2 cm initially. The anterior superior iliac spine values improved from 2 to 2.5, while subgluteal folds from 2 to 1.5. In sagittal plane, we registered only lumbar improvement from 4.3 cm to 3.8 cm, while the cervical arrow had a constant 1.8 cm value in both tests. By using exercises with portable apparatus between the two tests, we note that the gymnast managed to improve her posture, confirmed by the values obtained in body alignment using the posturograph, which confirms the hypothesis of the paper. Keywords: rhythmic gymnastics, poor posture, hand apparatus INTRODUCTION Athletic performance depends on the foundation that posture provides. Bad posture steals from you in such small amounts that you do not notice it until the moment after the last vital protection is gone. This is the moment the tissue fails and the pain begins. Posture is like a wave against a break wall. Any single collision will not achieve much but the scouring of the stones is testament to the fact that many thousands of them will eventually cause the wall to crumble and collapse. There are 168 hours in a week and that provides bad posture with more than enough of an opportunity to break the human body. The first priority for any athlete should be injury-free and the first concern for injury-free is posture [1]. A basic analysis of a patient's gait and posture provides information about the body and the capability of the musculoskeletal system to adjust to physical stressors. An understanding of normal gait and posture is essential for identifying and treating musculoskeletal pain and to provide a basis for understanding pathological deficiencies and countervailing [2, 3]. Regarding the study of sport and movement perspective biomechanics, muscle groups of interest are skeletal muscles, used for movement and posture [4].Poor posture is the posture that results from certain muscles tightening up or shortening while others lengthen and become weak which often occurs as a result of one s daily activities. There are different factors which can impact on posture and they include occupational activities and biomechanical factors such as force and repetition. Risk factors for poor posture also include psychosocial factors such as job stress and strain. [5]. Physiological curvatures of the spine are shaped gradually at successive stages of posturogenesis. The level of the anterior-posterior curvatures depends on numerous factors, inter alia somatic type, gender, lifestyle and physical activity [6]. The undertaken physical activity influences the processes of ossification and shapes muscle strength and is one of significant elements shaping a body posture [7]. The high incidence of postural disorders in certain branches of sport, especially among adolescents has questioned the influence of sports activities on the posture of athletes. In this sense, deviations from correct posture, as a result of a specific sport or excessive training loads can be found in the works of many authors. Practising sports professionally loads a musculoskeletal system, especially the spine. Achieving a master level in sports requires performing hard physical exercises, frequently one-side exercises repeated many times in unnatural positions connected with a significant static-dynamic load. Intensive physical effort diminished adaptation abilities of not only passive elements of the spine but also active ones, i.e. muscles responsible for its proper shape [8]. 56

2 It is proved that training volume, specific and repetitive movements, type of sport and postures of each sport have been found to be associated with developing spinal curvatures. During periods of stature growth, the sagittal configuration of the spine changes with an increase in thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. Wojtys et al. reported that athletes between 8 and 18 years of age demonstrated larger angles of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis and these angles were associated with cumulative training time. Lack of physical activity is associated with smaller curves [9, 10]. There are many different body positions required in the sport of gymnastics that are relevant to back injury. In general, stress is placed on the spine via skills that require extreme levels of flexion and extension of the vertebral column not seen in other sports [11]. The rhythmic gymnasts need an extreme flexibility and also strength skills to rapidly reach and fix the wide shapes of technical elements required by International Code of Points [12, 13]. Conversely, Bulgarian rhythm gymnasts were found to have a 10-fold increase in the rate of scoliosis. Despite the literature demonstrating permanent spinal changes in various sports involving severe torque, such as gymnastics, ballet, dance sport, and javelin throwing, these activities have not been shown to directly accelerate or worsen scoliotic or kyphotic deformities, and thus are permissible for patients with spinal deformity [14]. In Dance Sport, for instance, athletes train for many years to develop a very specific posture. Presently there are few data as to whether these adaptations are habitual or cause permanent anatomical changes to the spine [15]. The Tanchev et al. study generates an etiologic hypothesis including the dangerous triad of generalized joint laxity, delayed maturity, and asymmetric overloading of the spine [16]. In summary, and with the above limitations in mind, the authors advocate the following recommendations to reduce the risk of injury in Rhythmic Gymnastics: stretch a minimum of 40 minutes per day; limit conditioning to a maximum of 6 hours per week; limit training to a maximum of 30 hours per week; measures to reduce the prevalence of low-back pain and knee pain should be sought. For example, a prophylactic regimen of abdominal strength exercises, antilordotic exercises, vastus medialis obliquus strength exercises, and quadriceps stretches could be incorporated into training. Reduction of the number of repetitions of back hyperextension techniques could be considered [17]. MATERIAL AND METHOD The necessity of applying both prophylactic measures to stop the evolution of deviations and deformities and therapeutic means to delay their development represented the motivation for choosing this topic. The objectives of this paper were to ensure a harmonious physical development, to improve posture and to obtain maximum productivity in sports training. In this study, we started from the hypothesis according to which the poor spinal postures among children who practice Rhythmic Gymnastics can be improved using exercises with hand apparatus, applied both prophylactically and correctively, which will determine an improvement in their posture. The research methods used were as follows: literature review, observation method, case study, experiment and statisticalmathematical method. In order to conduct this study, we monitored a fourth-category gymnast (I.G.) aged 8, diagnosed with levoconvex dorsolumbar scoliotic posture and hyperlordotic posture. For measurements, the GPS 400 Global Postural System stabilometric platform was used. Her therapeutic plan consisted of a three-month exercise program with hand apparatus, (3 times a week, 50 minutes each). The program comprised exercises for the improvement of the scoliotic and hyperlordotic posture, executed with the ball, the rope and the hoop. In this way, we present some exercises used in this study. Exercises for scoliotic dorsolumbar levoconvexgait Standing, right arm laterally, ball held in the left palm, left hand on the hip: tiptoe walking with left torso bending while lifting the right arm and active ball deflection to the left - 4 x 20m. Standing legs apart, ball held with the right arm at the nape, left arm down: lateral torso bending and arching - 6 x 8 reps. On the knee, support on the left hand, right arm down with the ball held on the right palm: bringing the right arm obliquely up and initial position comeback - 2 x 8 reps. Prone position, hoop held right hand up, left hand on the hip: bending the torso to the left simultaneously, hoop balanced to the left and bringing the left leg laterally - 2 x 8 reps. 57

3 Sp Soc Int J Ph Ed Sp Volume 17 - Issue 1 Standing on the right leg, left leg supported on the bar, right arm back-down, left arm up, ball held in the palm: T 1 4: lateral torso bending to the left and initial position comeback; T 5 8: torso forward bending by passing the ball from one hand to the other around the ankle - 6 x 8 reps. Standing, rope folded in two, held backwards, right arm up and left arm down: lateral left leg balance along with bending the torso toward the left - 3 x 8 reps. Exercises for hyperlordotic gait Standing, arms up, rope folded in four, held by the ends: walking one leg lifted and bent at the chest. The same exercise is performed by balancing the right/left leg toward the front - 4 x 8 reps / exercise. Standing face toward the wall bar, one leg on the bar, arms up, ball held with both arms: T 1-4: bending the torso to the front and bringing the ball at the tiptoe and initial position comeback, T 5-8: 90⁰ turn toward the left, bending the torso toward the front on the base leg by bringing the ball toward the ground and initial position comeback - 6 x 8 figures on each leg. Supine position, knees bent, arms right toward the front performing a horizontal turn of the hoop: lifting the torso in a sitting position, continuing the hoop turn and initial position comeback - 3 x 8 reps performing a right hand rotation and 3 x 8 reps with the left hand. Supine position, arms apart laterally, ball held on the right palm: right leg balance toward the front along with bringing the ball from the right hand to the left; the same exercise is performed with the other leg - 6 x 8 reps. Sitting legs apart, ball held with both arms at the nape: bending the torso toward the right leg, the move is continued toward the front and then toward the left leg; the same exercise is also performed toward the opposite direction - 2 x 8 reps. Supine position, legs up vertically, the ball held with both hands at the nape: lifting the shoulder blades from the ground and initial position comeback - 4 x 8 reps. FINDINGS In the following lines, we outline the measurements conducted for the female gymnast who was the subject of our case study. Table 1 Values obtained by the subject in the two tests Levoconvex dorsolumbar scoliotic posture and hyperlordotic posture Initial testing Final testing Right shoulder depression Waist triangle right side 2 cm 1.8 cm Anterior superior iliac spine (right side higher) Uneven subgluteal folds (right side higher) Cervical arrow 1.8 cm 1.8 cm Lumbar arrow 4.3 cm 3.8 cm Figure 1 Graphic representation of the subject s evolution at the two tests 58

4 After applying the program of corrective exercises, we noted that the subject recorded an improvement on frontal plane: at the initial testing, the right shoulder depression was 3.5, while at the final testing only 3. The waist triangle on the right side dropped to 1.8 cm at the final testing, from 2 cm at the initial testing. In addition, we note that the value of anterior superior iliac spine (right side higher) was 2.5 at the final testing, compared to the initial testing, where the value was 2 ; as for the uneven subgluteal folds (right side higher), an improvement from 2 to 1.5 was registered in the final testing. On sagittal plane, only a lumbar improvement was registered: the lumbar arrow dropped to 3.8 cm from 4.3 cm in the initial testing. The cervical arrow had a constant value of 1.8 cm in both tests. CONCLUSIONS The effects of exercises with hand apparatus comprise as follows: acting upon several parameters of movement; improving the motor qualities, by focusing on skill; strengthening muscle groups; providing joint mobility and muscle elasticity; preventing and correcting physical deficits, increasing interest for movement; stimulating active and aware participation; inducing optimal physical and mental state. In this respect, we highlight that the exercises with hand apparatus introduced in the experiment as independent variable were indeed efficient, because they improved the gymnast s posture, which confirms the paper hypothesis. REFERENCES [1] Posture and sport. (n.d.) Retrieved from Strong & Injury-Free. Exercise clinic, [2] Sweeting, K., & Mock, M. (2007). Gait and posture. Assessment in general practice. Reprinted from Australian Family Physician, 36(6), [3] Curran, S.A., & Dananberg H.J. (2005). Future of gait analysis: a podiatric medical perspective. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 95, [4] Bartlett, R. (2007). Introduction to Sports Biomechanics, Second edition, New York: Routledge, p [5] Kumar, B. (2016). Poor posture and its causes. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(1), [6] Kutzner-Kozińska, M. (2001). The Process of Correcting Postural Defects. Warsaw: AWF Warszawa. [7] Lichota, M., Plandowska, M., & Mil P. (2011). The shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine in athletes practising selected sports. Pol. J. Sport Tourism, 18, [8] Schiller, J.R., & Eberson C.P. (2008). Spinal deformity and athletics. Sports Med. Artrosc. Rev. 16(1), [9] Wojtys, E.M., Ashton-Miller, J.A., Huston, L.J., & Moga P.J. (2000). The association between athletic training time and the sagittal curvature of the immature spine, Am J Sports Med, 28, [10 ]López-Miñarro, P.A., Muyor, J.M., & Alacid., F. (2012). Influence of hamstring extensibility on sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt in highly trained young kayakers, Eur J Sport Sci, 12, 1 6. [11] Kruse, D. & Lemmen, B. (2009). Spine injuries in the sport of gymnastics. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 8(1), [12] Brooks, T.J. (2003). Women s collegiate gymnastics: A multifactorial approach to training and conditioning, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25, [13] Di Cagno, A., et al. (2010). Preexercise static stretching effect on leaping performance in elite rhythmic gymnasts, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(8), [14] Wood, K.B. (2002). Spinal deformity in the adolescent athlete. Clin Sports Med, 21, [15] Kruusamäe, H., et. al. (2015). Spinal posture in different DanceSport dance styles compared with track and field athletes. Medicina, 51(5), [16] Tanchev, P., Dzherov, A., Parushev, A., Dikov, D., & Todorov, M. (2000). Scoliosis in Rhythmic Gymnasts, SPINE, 25(11), , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Inc. [17] Zetaruk, M., Violan, M., Zurakowski, D., Mitchell W., Jr. & Micheli L. (2006). Injuries and training recommendations in elite rhythmic gymnastics. Medicina de L esport, 151,

5 AMELIORAREA ATITUDINILOR VICIOASE ALE COLOANEI VERTEBRALE PRIN EXERCIŢII CU OBIECTE PORTATIVE Cristina Elena MORARU 1, Alice Viviana ŢOCU 2 1,2 Universitatea "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iași, Strada Toma Cozma 3, Iași, România, gimcristinamoraru@yahoo.com, Rezumat Gimnastica ritmică este unul din sporturile care facilitează apariţia unor atitudini vicioase, caracterizate prin accentuarea curburilor fiziologice ale coloanei vertebrale sau apariţia unor curburi anormale. Scopul acestei lucrări este asigurarea unei dezvoltări fizice armonioase, a îmbunătăţirii posturii şi a obţinerii unui randament maxim în antrenamentul sportiv. Prin această lucrare ne-am propus să verificăm ipoteza conform căreia atitudinile vicioase de la nivelul coloanei vertebrale apărute la sportivele care practică gimnastica ritmică se pot ameliora prin programe de exerciţii cu obiecte portative, exerciţii aplicate atât profilactic, cât şi corectiv care vor determina o îmbunătăţire a posturii acestora. În acest sens, a fost monitorizată o gimnastă de categoria a IV-a având vârsta de 8 ani, diagnosticată cu atitudine scoliotică dorsolombară levoconvexă și atitudine hiperlordotică. Măsurătorile au fost efectuate cu ajutorul platformei stabilometrice GPS Global Postural System. Planul terapeutic a sportivei a constat într-un program de exerciţii cu obiecte portative şi a fost efectuat pe o perioadă de 3 luni, cu o frecvenţă de 3 pe săptămână şi durata de 50 minute. În urma aplicării programului am constatat că subiectul a înregistrat un progres în plan frontal, la testarea iniţială a umărului drept prezentând o coborâre de 3,5, iar final de 3. Triunghiul taliei - dreapta a ajuns la 1,8 cm la testarea finală, de la 2 cm iniţial. Valorile de la spina iliacă antero-superioară au înregistrat o îmbunătăţire de la 2 la 2,5, iar la pliurile subfesiere de la 2 la 1,5. În plan sagital s-a înregistrat o ameliorare doar la nivel lombar, de la 4,3 cm la 3,8 cm, iar săgeata cervicală a avut o valoare constantă de 1,8 cm în ambele testări. Prin aplicarea exerciţiilor cu obiecte portative între cele două testări putem observa că gimnasta a reuşit să îşi îmbunătăţească postura, fapt confirmat de valorile obţinute la testarea aliniamentului corporal cu ajutorul posturografului, fapt care confirmă ipoteza lucrării. Cuvinte cheie: gimnastică ritmică, postură deficitară, obiecte portative INTRODUCERE Performanţa sportivă depinde de fundamentul furnizat de postură. Atitudinile vicioase ne afectează puţin câte puţin, astfel încât nu ne dăm seama de consecinţe până în momentul în care a dispărut şi ultima urmă de protecţie vitală. Acesta este momentul în care ţesuturile cedează şi începe durerea. Postura este ca un val în faţa digului. O singură coliziune nu are prea multă putere, dar eroziunea pietrelor stă drept dovadă a faptului că mii de valuri vor slăbi şi în cele din urmă vor surpa digul. O săptămână are 168 de ore, timp în care atitudinile vicioase au mai mult decât suficient timp la dispoziţie să deformeze corpul. În acest sens, se recomandă ca prioritatea fiecărui sportiv să fie lipsa accidentărilor, iar prioritară pentru lipsa accidentărilor este postura [1]. Analiza de bază a mersului şi posturii individului furnizează informaţii privind corpul şi capacitatea aparatului musculoscheletal de a se adapta la factorii de stres fizici. Este esenţial să cunoaştem poziţia corectă în mers şi postură, pentru a identifica şi trata durerile musculoscheletale şi pentru a oferi o bază pentru înţelegerea deficienţelor patologice și a celor compensatorii [2, 3]. În ceea ce priveşte studierea sportului şi mişcării din perspectivă biomecanică, grupele musculare de interes sunt muşchii scheletici, utilizaţi pentru mişcare şi postură [4]. Atitudinile vicioase sunt acelea ce rezultă din contractarea sau scurtarea muşchilor; alţi muşchi se lungesc şi devin mai puţin rezistenţi, fapt cauzat adesea, ca rezultat al activităţilor zilnice. Există mai mulţi factori cu impact asupra posturii, cum ar fi, de exemplu, activităţile ocupaţionale şi o serie de factori biomecanici ca forţa şi repetiţia. Factorii de risc pentru atitudinile vicioase mai includ şi factorii psihosociali precum stresul de la locul de muncă şi efortul intens [5]. Curburile fiziologice ale coloanei vertebrale se formează treptat, în stagiile succesive ale posturogenezei. Nivelul curburilor antero-posterioare depinde de numeroşi factori, printre care tipul somatic, sexul, stilul de viaţă şi activităţile fizice [6]. Practicarea activităţilor fizice influenţează procesele de osificare şi formează forţa musculară; ele reprezintă unul dintre elementele semnificative ale formării posturii corporale [7]. Incidenţa crescută a problemelor posturale în anumite ramuri sportive, mai ales în rândul adolescenţilor, a pus sub semnul întrebării influenţa activităţilor sportive asupra posturii sportivilor. În acest 60

6 sens, mai mulţi autori au studiat deviaţiile de la posturile corecte, rezultate dintr-un sport specific sau din suprasolicitări la antrenamente. Practicarea unui sport la nivel profesionist solicită aparatul musculoscheletal, în special coloana vertebrală. Pentru a atinge măiestria într-un anumit sport este nevoie de antrenamente fizice intense; de multe ori, aceste exerciţii sunt executate unilateral, de foarte multe ori, în poziţii nenaturale, însoţite de solicitări statico-dinamice semnificative. Eforturile fizice intensive au diminuat abilităţile adaptive nu doar ale elementelor pasive ale coloanei vertebrale, dar şi ale celor active, precum musculatura responsabilă pentru forma ideală a acesteia [8]. S-a dovedit că volumul antrenamentelor, mişcările specifice şi repetitive, tipul de sport şi posturile din fiecare sport se asociază cu dezvoltarea curburilor coloanei vertebrale. În perioadele de creştere staturală, configuraţia sagitală a coloanei vertebrale se schimbă, în sensul unei accentuări a cifozei toracice şi lordozei lombare. Wojtys şi colaboratorii săi au demonstrat că sportivii cu vârste între 8 şi 18 ani au unghiuri mai mari ale cifozei toracice şi lordozei lombare; aceste unghiuri s-au asociat cu perioada cumulativă de pregătire. Lipsa activităţii fizice se asociază cu prezenţa unor curburi mai reduse [9, 10]. Multe dintre elementele corporale specifice gimnasticii pot produce leziuni la nivelul coloanei vertebrale. În general, coloana vertebrală este solicitată prin abilităţile care necesită nivele extreme de flexie şi extensie a acesteia, aşa cum nu se întâmplă în alte sporturi [11]. Sportivele care practică gimnastica ritmică au nevoie de o mobilitate foarte bună şi de abilităţi de flexibilitate crescute pentru a atinge şi menţine amplitudinea mare a elementelor tehnice pe care le cere Codul Internaţional de Punctaj [12,13]. Astfel, un studiu efectuat în Bulgaria pe sportivele care practică gimnastica ritmică, a arătat că rata scoliozei este de 10 ori mai mare în cazul lor. În ciuda literaturii de specialitate care demonstrează modificări permanente ale coloanei vertebrale în diverse sporturi care implică mişcări extreme de răsucire (precum gimnastică, balet, dans sportiv şi aruncarea suliţei), nu s-a demonstrat că aceste activităţi accelerează sau reduc în mod direct deformările scoliotice sau cifotice. Tocmai de aceea, asemenea sporturi sunt accesibile şi persoanelor cu deformări ale coloanei vertebrale [14]. În dansul sportiv, de exemplu, sportivii se antrenează mulţi ani pentru a ajunge la o anumită postură. În prezent, există puţine date pentru a stabili dacă aceste adaptări sunt habituale sau dacă ele cauzează schimbări anatomice permanente ale coloanei vertebrale [15]. Studiul lui Tanchev şi al colaboratorilor săi generează o ipoteză etiologică care include triada periculoasă formată din laxitate articulară, maturizare întârziată şi suprasolicitare asimetrică a coloanei vertebrale [16]. În concluzie, ţinând cont de cele expuse mai sus, autorii oferă următoarele recomandări pentru a reduce riscul de accidentare în gimnastica ritmică, și anume: stretching minim 40 de minute pe zi; pregătirea fizică să nu depășească 6 ore pe săptămână; limitarea antrenamentelor la maxim 30 de ore pe săptămână; luarea unor măsuri pentru reducerea prevalenţei durerilor lombare şi de genunchi. În acest sens, ar trebui să se includă în cadrul orelor de antrenament, un regim profilactic de exerciţii pentru întărirea muculaturii abdominale, exerciţii antilordotice, exerciţii de întărire a muşchiului vast medial şi exerciţii de întindere pentru cvadriceps. De asemenea, ar trebui să se ia în considerare şi reducerea numărului de repetări pentru tehnicile de hiperextensie la nivelul spatelui [17]. MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ Necesitatea aplicării atât a unor măsuri profilactice în vederea stopării evoluţiei deviaţiilor şi deformaţiilor cât şi utilizarea unor mijloace terapeutice pentru a încetini dezvoltarea lor, a constituit motivul alegerii acestei teme. Obiectivele acestei lucrări au vizat asigurarea unei dezvoltări fizice armonioase, îmbunătăţirea posturii şi obţinerea unui randament maxim în antrenamentul sportiv. În acest studiu am plecat de la ipoteza conform căreia: atitudinile vicioase de la nivelul coloanei vertebrale apărute la copiii care practică gimnastica ritmică se pot ameliora prin exerciţii cu obiecte portative, exerciţii aplicate atât profilactic, cât şi corectiv care vor determina o îmbunătăţire a posturii acestora. Metodele de cercetare utilizate au fost: studierea literaturii de specialitate, metoda observaţiei, studiul de caz, experimentul şi metoda statistico-matematică. Pentru realizarea acestui studiu a fost monitorizată o gimnastă de categoria a IV-a având vârsta de 8 ani (I.G.) diagnosticată cu atitudine scoliotică dorsolombară levoconvexă şi atitudine hiperlordotică. Măsurătorile au fost efectuate cu ajutorul platformei stabilometrice GPS Global Postural System. Planul terapeutic a sportivei a constat într-un program de exerciţii cu obiecte portative şi a fost efectuat pe o perioadă de 3 luni, cu o frecvenţă de 3 ori pe săptămână şi durata de 50 minute. Programul a cuprins exerciţii 61

7 pentru ameliorarea atitudinii scoliotice şi hiperlordotice, executate cu minge, coardă şi cerc. În acest sens, prezentăm câteva exerciţii utilizate în acest studiu. Exerciţii pentru atitudine scoliotică dorsolombară levoconvexă Stând, brațul drept lateral cu mingea ţinută pe palma stângă, mâna stângă pe șold: mers pe vârfuri cu îndoirea trunchiului spre stânga concomitent cu ducerea braţului drept sus şi ricoşare activă a mingii spre stânga - 4 x 20 m. Stând depărtat, mingea ținută cu mâna dreaptă la ceafă, brațul stâng jos: îndoiri laterale a trunchiului și arcuiri - 6 x 8 repetări. Pe genunchi, sprijin pe mâna stângă, brațul drept jos cu mingea ținută pe palma dreaptă: ducerea brațului drept oblic sus și revenire la poziţia iniţială - 2 x 8 repetări Culcat facial, cercul ţinut cu mâna dreaptă sus, mâna stângă pe şold: îndoirea trunchiului spre stânga simultan cu balansul cercului spre stânga şi ducerea piciorului stâng lateral - 2 x 8 repetări. Stând pe piciorul drept, piciorul stâng sprijinit pe bară, braţul drept înapoi-jos, braţul stâng sus, cu mingea pe palmă: T îndoire laterală a trunchiului spre stânga şi revenire la poziţia iniţială; T îndoire înainte a trunchiului cu trecerea mingii dintr-o mână în cealaltă în jurul gleznei - 6 x 8 repetări. Stând, coarda pliată în două ţinută posterior cu braţul drept sus şi braţul stâng jos: balans lateral al piciorului stâng simultan cu îndoirea trunchiului spre stânga - 3 x 8 repetări. Exerciţii pentru atitudine hiperlordotică Stând, braţele sus, coarda pliată în patru, de capete apucat: mers cu ridicarea unui picior îndoit la piept. Acelaşi exerciţiu se execută cu balansul piciorului drept/stâng spre înainte - 4 x 8 repetări / exerciţiu. Stând cu faţa la bara de perete, un picior sprijinit pe bară, braţele sus, mingea ţinută cu ambele mâini: T 1 4: aplecarea trunchiului înainte cu ducerea mingii la vârful piciorului şi revenire la poziţia iniţială, T 5 8: întoarcere 90⁰ spre dreapta, îndoirea trunchiului înainte pe piciorul de bază cu ducerea mingii spre sol şi revenire la poziţia iniţială 6 x 8 timpi pe fiecare picior. Culcat dorsal, genunchii îndoiţi, braţele drept înainte executând rotare orizontală a cercului: ridicarea trunchiului în aşezat continuând rotarea cercului şi revenire la poziţia iniţială - 3 x 8 repetări executând rotare cu mâna dreaptă şi 3 x 8 repetări cu mâna stângă. Culcat dorsal, braţele lateral, mingea pe palma dreaptă: balansul piciorului drept spre înainte simultan cu trecerea mingii din mâna dreaptă în mâna stângă; acelaşi exerciţiu se execută şi cu celălalt picior - 6 x 8 repetări. Aşezat depărtat, mingea ţinută cu ambele mâini la ceafă: îndoirea trunchiului spre piciorul drept, se continuă mişcarea spre înainte şi apoi spre piciorul stâng; acelaşi exerciţiu se execută sis pre direcţia opusă - 2 x 8 repetări. Culcat dorsal, picioarele la verticală, mingea ţinută cu ambele mâini la ceafă: ridicarea omoplaţilor de pe sol şi revenire la poziţia iniţială - 4 x 8 repetări. REZULTATE caz. În continuare, prezentăm măsurătorile efectuate la gimnasta care a fost subiectul studiului nostru de Tabel 1 Valorile obţinute de subiect la cele două testări Scolioză dorsolombară levoconvexă şi hiperlordoză Testare iniţială Testare finală Umăr drept coborât 3,5 3 Triunghiul taliei - dreapta 2 cm 1,8 cm Spine iliace antero-superioare (dreapta mai ridicată) 2,5 2 Pliuri subfesiere inegale (partea dreaptă mai ridicată) 2 1,5 Săgeata cervicală 1,8 cm 1,8 cm Săgeata lombară 4,3 cm 3,8 cm 62

8 Testare iniţială Testare finală Umăr dr. coborât Triunghi talie dr. SIAS dr. ridicată Pliuri subfes. dr. ridicată Săgeata cervicală Săgeata lombară Figura 1 Reprezentarea grafică a evoluţiei subiectului la cele două testări În urma aplicării programului de execiţii corective putem observa că subiectul a înregistrat un progres în plan frontal, la testarea iniţială a umărului drept prezentând o coborâre de 3,5, iar la testarea finală de doar 3. Triunghiul taliei - dreapta a ajuns la valoarea de 1,8 cm la testarea finală, de la 2 cm la testarea iniţială. De asemenea, putem observa că valoarea de la spina iliacă antero-superioară (dreapta mai ridicată) a fost la testarea finală de 2,5, faţă de testarea iniţială unde a avut valoarea de 2 iar la pliurile subfesiere (partea dreaptă mai ridicată) înregistrând o ameliorare de la 2 la 1,5 în testarea finală. În plan sagital s-a înregistrat o îmunătăţire doar la nivel lombar, unde săgeata lombară a ajuns la valoarea de 3,8 cm, plecând de la 4,3 cm în testarea iniţială. Săgeata cervicală a avut o valoare constantă de 1,8 cm în ambele testări. CONCLUZII Efectele exerciţiilor cu obiecte portative cuprind: acţiune asupra mai multor parametri ai mişcării, perfecţionarea calităţilor motrice cu accent pe îndemânare, dezvoltarea forţei diferitelor grupe musculare, mobilitate articulară şi elasticitate musculară, prevenirea şi corectarea unor deficienţe fizice, creşterea interesului pentru mişcare, stimularea participării active şi conştiente, inducerea unei stări fizice şi psihice optime. În urma interpretării datelor obţinute, putem remarca faptul că, exerciţiile cu obiecte portative introduse în experiment ca variabilă independentă au fost eficiente, ameliorând postura gimnastei, fapt care confirmă ipoteza lucrării. BIBLIOGRAFIE [1] Posture and sport. (n.d.) Retrieved from Strong & Injury-Free. Exercise clinic, [2] Sweeting, K., & Mock, M. (2007). Gait and posture. Assessment in general practice. Reprinted from Australian Family Physician, 36(6), [3] Curran, S.A., & Dananberg H.J. (2005). Future of gait analysis: a podiatric medical perspective. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 95, [4] Bartlett, R. (2007). Introduction to Sports Biomechanics, Second edition, New York: Routledge, p [5] Kumar, B. (2016). Poor posture and its causes. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(1), [6] Kutzner-Kozińska, M. (2001). The Process of Correcting Postural Defects. Warsaw: AWF Warszawa. [7] Lichota, M., Plandowska, M., & Mil P. (2011). The shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine in athletes practising selected sports. Pol. J. Sport Tourism, 18, [8] Schiller, J.R., & Eberson C.P. (2008). Spinal deformity and athletics. Sports Med. Artrosc. Rev. 16(1), [9] Wojtys, E.M., Ashton-Miller, J.A., Huston, L.J., & Moga P.J. (2000). The association between athletic training time and the sagittal curvature of the immature spine, Am J Sports Med, 28, [10 ]López-Miñarro, P.A., Muyor, J.M., & Alacid., F. (2012). Influence of hamstring extensibility on sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt in highly trained young kayakers, Eur J Sport Sci, 12,

9 [11] Kruse, D. & Lemmen, B. (2009). Spine injuries in the sport of gymnastics. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 8(1), [12] Brooks, T.J. (2003). Women s collegiate gymnastics: A multifactorial approach to training and conditioning, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25, [13] Di Cagno, A., et al. (2010). Preexercise static stretching effect on leaping performance in elite rhythmic gymnasts, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(8), [14] Wood, K.B. (2002). Spinal deformity in the adolescent athlete. Clin Sports Med, 21, [15] Kruusamäe, H., et. al. (2015). Spinal posture in different DanceSport dance styles compared with track and field athletes. Medicina, 51(5), [16] Tanchev, P., Dzherov, A., Parushev, A., Dikov, D., & Todorov, M. (2000). Scoliosis in Rhythmic Gymnasts, SPINE, 25(11), , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Inc. [17] Zetaruk, M., Violan, M., Zurakowski, D., Mitchell W., Jr. & Micheli L. (2006). Injuries and training recommendations in elite rhythmic gymnastics. Medicina de L esport, 151,

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