Ultrasound in Medicine

Transcription

1 Ultrasound in Medicine Experimental Equipment for Medical Education Universities Colleges Medical Schools Medical and Med-Technical Training Education can befun!

2 WELCOME TO GAMPT Devices and accessories especially for medical education in: Universities Colleges and medical schools Medical and med-technical training All relevant topics according to ultrasound in comprehensive combinations Not only theory but hands-on experiments and exercises for future physicians and health personnel Experiments created based on long-time experience in student education

3 OVERVIEW Ultrasonic measurement systems... designed for use in education and experimental labs Ultrasonic echoscopes GS200 and GS200i for pulse-echo sonography with single element and array sensors Universal Doppler device FlowDop for pulsed wave Doppler sonography and blood flow investigations CT control unit & CT scanner for computer-controlled mechanical scans and ultrasonic computer tomography Measuring and evaluation software... devoloped to show the formation of ultrasonic images step by step Software with extensive tools for signal analysis and ultrasonic imaging Different ultrasonic imaging methods: A-mode, B-mode, M-mode, colored Doppler spectra Optional software module for imaging with ultrasonic array sensor Special structured software to understand the CT algorithm Extensive accessories... designed to execute simple as well as application-oriented experiments Simple test objects for demonstrating fundamental principles of ultrasound Eye and breast phantom and simple heart model for special medical investigations Phantoms for ultrasonic imaging with an ultrasonic array sensor Arm phantom with integrated vessels and additional euipment for simulating of arterial (pulsatile) and venous (laminar) blood flows For further information visit or your local distributor

4 SONOGRAPHY Ultrasonic echoscope GS200 Imaging with ultrasound is used in a wide range of medical diagnostics. The basis of all devices and methods is the ultrasonic echoscopy. The GS200 echoscope helps to explain the technical and physical basics of ultrasound diagnostics by its clear structure and simple operation. An extensive education for a fraction of the costs of a medical ultrasonic system is possible. With the adjustable transmission and receiver power, the ultrasonic signals can be adjusted to almost any examination object. Losses in intensity of the ultrasonic signals from lower examination areas can be balanced out by time gain control (TGC). Screenshot of GS-EchoView in A-mode Ultrasonic single-element sensors Sensors are available at nominal frequencies of 1, 2 and 4 MHz. These ultrasonic transducers are specifically designed for GS200 and GS200i and can operate as transmitter or receiver or as transceiver. The choice of the frequency of the used sensors depends on the respective application and in particular on the wished accuracy and penetration depth. The GS200 echoscopes are delivered with the measurement and evaluation software GS EchoView. The software is based on many years of experience educating students. The program interface is clearly divided into three areas: measurement parameters, measurement diagrams and device and status information. The complete signal process starting from the ultrasonic signal to the amplitude signal to the gray or color scaled images is easy pursuable. All relevant device parameters and status information are displayed. Impact factors or image artifacts can be observed. Diagnostic methods like B-mode or M-mode are already integrated in the software. For additional equipment visit or your local distributor

5 SONOGRAPHY Ultrasonic echoscope GS200i The array sensor that is supplied with the GS200i possesses an array of 64 convexly arranged individual elements. This sensor is of a type that is normally used in medicine for abdominal and pediatric applications. Special designed ultrasound phantoms with acoustic characteristics similar to those of human tissue enable basic and application experiments with a more realistic feeling for training and lab courses in medical and medical engineering specialities. The internal structures can be imaged and measured by means of the measurement software. Screenshot of GS-EchoView in A-mode While the GS200 is operated only with single-element sensors, the GS200i additionally has a separate extension module for ultrasonic imaging with an array sensor. This module and the array sensor are directly controlled from the PC. Via the software modul GS-Image the adjustment of measurement parameters can be trained and the influence of typical parameters and filters for signal and image processing can be shown. With the GAMPT echoscopes experiments can be created for medical and medicaltechnical training that relate to both fundamentals and application. Phantoms For experimental manuals visit or your local distributor

6 SONOGRAPHY Simple A-mode, B-mode, M-mode... Diagnostic test with A-scan ultrasound At the beginning of ultrasound diagnostic there was the A-mode (amplitude mode) as simplest type of ultrasound measurement method. A typical application in medicine is the A-scan ultrasound biometry of the eye as used in ophthalmology. On an eye phantom parts of the healthy eye can be measured and a retinal detachment will be diagnosed and localized. Eye echos Tumor in B-mode image 2D images with B-mode ultrasound The B-mode (brightness mode) provides two-dimensional images. It results from converting A-scans along a surface line into gray value lines. By laying these gray value lines side by side a plane through a body can be visualized. In order to exemplify the step from A-mode to B-mode, hand-operated scans can be carried out on a realistic breast phantom with a benign tumor using a single-element sensor. Movement visualization with M-mode ultrasound In M-mode (time-motion mode) successive A-mode scans are recorded, encoded into gray values and stringed together. This is like recording a ultrasonic movie that shows the movement of organic boundaries relative to the sensor and can be used to determine the velocity of specific organ structures. In the simple heart model a manually moved diaphragm simulates a moving heart wall. From the M- mode recording the heart frequency and the heart volume can be determined. M-mode ultrasound of the heart wall motion For additional equipment visit or your local distributor

7 SONOGRAPHY... and array sensor imaging Array sensor scan of dot-like test structures Ultrasound test phantom Tissue-equivalent test phantoms are used for quality assurance and evaluation of the accuracy and performance of imaging ultrasonic systems. Different test structures inside the phantoms allow objective and comparable evaluation of imaging characteristics of ultrasonic devices. Routine checks with test phantoms can reveal changes in image quality, which could be due to e.g. a deterioration of system components. Fetal ultrasound One of the best-known sonographic applications is the fetometry. It will be used to examine if a fetus has developed in line with its age or if there are possible malformations or developmental delays. With the ultrasound fetal phantom, fetometric basics can already be taught in preclinical training. The size of the fetus model corresponds roughly to the size of a fetus in the 15th to 17th week of pregnancy. Variables that can be measured are e.g. crown-rump length, femur length, head circumference, biparietal and fronto-occipital diameter. Ascertaining fetometric parameters Simultaneous scanning in B-mode and M-mode B+M-mode In addition to the B-mode, scans with the array sensor can also be carried out in B+M-mode. In this mode, another ultrasonic image is displayed under the ultrasonic B image according to the time motion method. The time motion image is created referring to a so called M-line (green line in the upper sonogram) which can be positioned freely in the B image sonogram. In this way the movement of a structure as well as the temporal progression (velocity) of this movement can be visualized. For experimental manuals visit or your local distributor

8 DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY Doppler ultrasound device Ultrasonic Doppler device FlowDop Doppler sonography is a special ultrasonic examination method. It is used to measure the velocity of the blood in the vessels. The measured signal is displayed in a continuous frequency spectrum. The difficult interpretation of the color coded spectra can be explained in an illustrative way with the FlowDop. Contrary to medical Doppler devices the complete signal generation and processing is pursuable. The correlation between device and measured parameters on one side and the physiological and pathophysiological blood flow on the other side can be displayed illustratively. Ultrasonic Doppler device FlowDop Doppler software FlowView The software FlowView shows the signal processing step by step starting with the HF signal of the ultrasonic wave. The current low frequency Doppler signal (frequency spectrum) is calculated by means of the Fourier transformation. The correlations of the different parameters of the Doppler spectrum with the physical basics of the Doppler sonography are shown. Furthermore it enables the assessment of blood flow curves by calculation of indices. Thereby the selection of suitable device parameters can be trained as well as the estimation of diagnostic parameters. Software view while measuring a pulsatile flow Equipment for US Doppler applications In addition to the ultrasonic device, the Doppler sonography equipment includes a realistic arm phantom, a microcontroller-driven pump, a Doppler fluid and a pen-shaped ultrasonic 2 MHz sensor. The arm phantom with integrated vessels and stenosis enables a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological examinations. The pump MultiFlow generates continuous and pulsed flows with variable flow and pulse rates to simulate venous and arterial blood flow in peripheral vessels. A specific blood mimicking liquid is used as Doppler fluid in the tube system. The ultrasonic Doppler sensor is especially designed for Training set 7: Doppler sonography measurements with the arm phantom. The pen-like shape and the small sensor area result in a good handling and an adequate local resolution. The delay line with an angle of 30 creates a constant Doppler angle and a sufficient frequency shift. For additional equipment visit or your local distributor

9 DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY Blood flow investigations Training at the arm phantom The arm phantom allows an introduction into the methods of ultrasonic Doppler diagnostics. These methods demand a high degree of knowledge of Doppler sonography and its results. With the arm phantom it is possible to demonstrate the fundamental principles and functioning of the methods. In the experiments, the students can measure typical spectra of continual or pulsating blood flow. By means of the curves measured, the flow, pulse and resistance index can be calculated. Additional measurements include the determining Temporary occlusion of a blood vessel of the average and maximum flow velocity within a flow profile. In the area of the stenosis, the increased flow components can be detected in positive and negative direction before and after the narrowing of the vessel. Using a blood pressure cuff, Doppler measurements of the occlusion pressure for the characterizing of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases can be demonstrated. Colored Doppler frequency spectra Laminar flow directed away from the sensor Laminar flow directed towards the sensor Pulsatile flow Turbulent flow shortly behind a stenosis For experimental manuals visit or your local distributor

10 COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY CT control unit & CT scanner Equipment for mechanical scanning When combining the echoscope GS200 or GS200i with a mechanical scanner and its control unit, a ultrasonic computer tomograph or a B-mode scanner can be set up. This equipment enables a series of experiments to illustrate the generation of cross section images like computer tomograms or B-mode images. To deepen the knowledge of ultrasonic measuring technology, e.g. in the training of medical technicians, the scanner can also be used for the measurement of sound field characteristics such as beam width, focus zone, intensity distribution and near-field length of an ultrasonic probe. Training set 9: ultrasonic CT and scanning methods CT control unit UCT200 CT control unit UCT200 The UCT200 is the control unit for the CT scanner. It controls the linear shift or rotational movement of the sample/sensor holder of the scanner. By means of rotary switches direction of travel and/or rotation and speed of travel and/or rotation can be controlled manually. When connecting the UCT200 to a computer over its USB interface, the device can be addressed and controlled via the GS-EchoView program. In this way ultrasound measurements of the echoscope can be adjusted and synchronized to the rotation or shift of a sample or sensor mounted at the scanner. CT scanner The mechanical CT scanner is controlled by the control unit UCT200. For CT scans the scanner possesses a magnetic sample table where test objects can be attached to. The sample table is turned via a stepper motor with exact angle positioning. A second stepper motor carries out the linear shift with a spatial resolution of < 10 µm. The complete slide is adjustable in height. In this way the area of investigation of a sample can be chosen. The sample table can also act as holder for GAMPT ultrasonic singleelement sensors to make B-mode scans free of motion artifacts or as holder for a GAMPT hydrophone to make amplitude scans of the sound field of a GAMPT singleelement sensor. Mechanical B-mode scan of the breast phantom 10 For additional equipment visit or your local distributor

11 COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY Ultrasonic computer tomography X-ray CT GAMPT US-CT Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Receiver Transducer Transducer Object Object Object Object Object Receiver Comparison between x-ray CT and GAMPT ultrasonic CT GAMPT ultrasonic CT X-ray CT, MRT and PET are computer-aided imaging methods that are used in medical, industrial and research fields of application. Radiation absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance or particle emission are used to generate cross-sectional images by means of measurable physical quantities. Ultrasonic computer tomography is another CT method. Object In ultrasonic CT the attenuation of ultrasonic signals is measured in the object under test instead of attenuation of X-rays. Moreover, time of flight or velocity of the ultrasonic signal between the transmitter and receiver can be measured with ultrasonic CT as an additional variable. Through evaluation of several simultaneously measured parameters, ultrasonic computer tomography is able to provide additional information for an object under test. With our ultrasonic CT the transmitter and receiver are fixed. Intensity attenuation and the time of flight are only measured at one location. For every angle, the attenuation values of the object and the sound transition times are measured at several positions. For that purpose, the object under test is moved forward and backward between the transmitter and receiver. After such a scan the object is rotated instead of the transmitter-receiver system before the next scan is started. Computer tomography step by step Independent of the imaging method, the evaluation algorithms are identical and even any occurring artifacts are comparable. The program GS-EchoView is designed to illustrate the several phases of the formation of a computer tomography step by step. The whole CT measurement can be understood from the first shot to a total line scan to the superposition of line scans by means of the CT algorithm to the complete computer tomogram. For demonstrating the difference between attenuation and time of flight as measuring parameters, the GAMPT CT sample possesses areas of different attenuation (left tomograms in the screenshots below) and sound velocity (right tomograms in the screenshots. Screenshot with the first line scan (above) and the resulting tomogram images of this first step (below) Screenshot of the complete CT scan with amplitude and velocity tomograms (above) and filtered images (below) For experimental manuals visit or your local distributor 11

12 GAMPT mbh Hallesche Straße 99F D Merseburg Germany Phone: Fax: GAMPT mbh Pictures of products in this catalogue are for illustration purposes only. Differences in color and shape are possible. None of the technical and functional characteristics described are influenced. Additional characteristics, errors and printing and typographical errors are possible. Picture sources: GAMPT mbh, isw ggmbh - SelectMINT (back cover)