Gabriel Kreiman Phone: Web site: Dates: Time: Location: Biolabs 1075
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1 Visual Object Recognition Neurobiology 230 Harvard / GSAS Gabriel Kreiman gabriel.kreiman@tch.harvard.edu Phone: Web site: Dates: Time: Location: Biolabs Mondays 3:30 5:30 PM
2 Gestalt laws Basic phenomenological constraints Law of Closure The mind may experience elements it does not perceive through sensation, in order to complete a regular figure (that is, to increase regularity). Law of Similarity The mind groups similar elements into collective entities or totalities. This similarity might depend on relationships of form, color, size, or brightness. Law of Proximity Spatial or temporal proximity of elements may induce the mind to perceive a collective or totality. Law of Symmetry (Figure ground relationships) Symmetrical images are perceived collectively, even in spite of distance. Law of Continuity The mind continues visual, auditory, and kinetic patterns. Law of Common Fate Elements with the same moving direction are perceived as a collective or unit.
3 Law of closure The Kanizsa triangle
4 Law of similarity
5 Law of proximity
6 Law of continuity
7 Law of common fate
8 Size tolerance x A A A A A A A
9 Position tolerance x bd db bd bd bd db db bd db db bd
10 Tolerance to viewpoint and illumination changes Chou Hung Cheston Tan Gabriel Kreiman
11 Tolerance to viewpoint and illumination changes
12 One-shot learning for scale tolerance
13 Other transformations require examplebased training
14 Beyond pixels Context matters
15 Visual recognition depends on experience
16 Recognition from minimal features
17 Recognition of caricatures Images: Hanoch Piven
18 Visual recognition can be extremely fast
19 Psychophysics: The study of the dependencies of psychological experiences upon the physical stimuli that generate them If we are careful, we can learn about how the brain works by measuring it indirectly, using the behavioral responses it generates. Basic measures: Reaction time The time taken by subjects to perform a task or make a judgment can give an indication (or at least an upper bound) of how long the necessary psychological (and hence neural) processing takes. Performance Often inversely related to reaction time. There are techniques for mitigating response biases. Threshold Stimuli can be varied to determine the threshold for detection, discrimination, or some more complex psychological phenomenon. Depending on experimental goals, one or more can be probed.
20 Visual recognition can be extremely fast Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2006). Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements: visual processing speed revisited. Vision Res, 46(11),
21 The visual system has a very large capacity
22 A massive recollection capacity Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2008). Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(38),
23 Gestalt laws apply to object recognition Pelli, Majaj, Raizman, Christian, Kim, & Palomares (2009). Grouping in object recognition: The role of a Gestalt law in letter identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(1),
24 Is information integrated over time?
25 Is information integrated over time? Brief asynchronies disrupt object recognition, but some integration persists even beyond 100 ms.
26 Further reading Regan, D. Human Perception of Objects (2000). Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusets. Frisby, JP and Stone JV. Seeing (2010). MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Original articles cited in class (see lecture notes for complete list) Potter, MC (1969) Recognition memory for a rapid sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology 81: Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2006). Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements: visual processing speed revisited. Vision Res, 46(11), Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2008). Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(38), Mooney CM. (1957). Age in the development of closure ability in children. Canadian Journal of Psychology 11: Pelli, Majaj, Raizman, Christian, Kim, & Palomares (2009). Grouping in object recognition: The role of a Gestalt law in letter identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(1),
Visual Object Recognition Computational Models and Neurophysiological Mechanisms Neurobiology 130/230. Harvard College/GSAS 78454
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