JAMES E. MAZUR, Harvard University

Transcription

1 The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (ISSN ; USPS ) is primarily for the original publication of experiments relevant to the behavior of individual organisms. Review articles and theoretical papers will also be considered for publication. The Journal is published bimonthly by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc., at the Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Three photocopies of each manuscript, prepared according to the format requirements published in the January issue of the current year, should be submitted to the Editor, Philip N. Hineline, Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Authors should not submit the same manuscript to more than one journal. EDITOR PHILIP N. HINELINE, Temple University EXECUTIVE EDITOR VICTOR G. LATIES, University of Rochester ASSOCIATE EDITORS PETER HARZEM, Auburn University RICHARD L. SHULL, University ofnorth Carolina- KENNON A. LATTAL, West Virginia University Greensboro EDITOR FOR BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY MARC N. BRANCH, University of Florida REVIEW EDITOR A. CHARLES CATANIA, University of Maryland Baltimore County BOARD OF EDITORS NANCY A. ATOR, Johns Hopkins University School STEVEN R. HURSH, Walter Reed Army Institute of Medicine of Research PETER D. BALSAM, Barnard College, Columbia University JAMES E. BARRETT, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences WILLIAM M. BAUM, University of New Hampshire DANIEL J. BERNSTEIN, University of Nebraska PHILIP J. BERSH, Temple University PATRICIA M. BLOUGH, Brown University CHRISTOPHER M. BRADSHAW, University of Manchester DAVID A. CASE, University of California-San Diego MICHAEL DAVISON, University of Auckland JAMES A. DINSMOOR, Indiana University DAVID A. ECKERMAN, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill RANDALL K. FLORY, Hollins College J. MARK GALIZIO, University of North Carolina- Wilmington STEVEN C. HAYES, University of Nevada-Reno IVER IVERSEN, University of North Florida VICKI LEE, Monash University, New Zealand JOHN C. MALONE, University of Tennessee- Knoxville CHARLOTTE MANDELL, University of Lowell M. JACKSON MARR, Georgia Institute of Technology JAMES E. MAZUR, Harvard University JAY MOORE, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee WILLIAM H. MORSE, Harvard University Medical School MICHAEL T. PERONE, West Virginia University ALAN D. POLING, Western Michigan University KURT SALZINGER, Polytechnic University of Brooklyn EVALYN F. SEGAL, San Diego State University ELIOT SHIMOFF, University of Maryland Baltimore County JOSEPH E. SPRADLIN, University of Kansas WILLIAM D. TIMBERLAKE, Indiana University JOAO CLAUDIO TODOROV, Brasilia KAY DINSMOOR, Business Manager and Managing Editor TIMOTHY HACKENBERG, Index Editor BARBARA L. COOK, Editorial Assistant Universidade de The 1986 subscription rates are $10.00 for full-time students (6-year limit); $18.00 for individuals (personal use only); $54.00 for institutions. Subscribers outside the U.S. should add $4.00 for postage. Subscriptions may be entered at any time during the year; subscribers will receive all six 1986 issues. Back volume prices are available upon request. Subscription orders, changes of address, and other business correspondence should be sent to Kay Dinsmoor, JEAB, Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana ( ). Copyright 1986 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc. Reproduction for scientific and scholarly purposes of any material published in the Journal will be permitted following receipt of written request. Address such requests to Kay Dinsmoor at the above address. The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (ISSN ) is published bimonthly by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc., Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Subscription rates are $10.00 for full-time students (6-year limit); $18.00 for individuals (personal use only); $54.00 for institutions. Second class postage paid at Bloomington, Indiana, and at additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to JEAB, Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana

2 Journal of the Experimental1 Ana lysis of Behavior EDITOR PHILIP N. HINELINE, Temple University EXECUTIVE EDITOR VICTOR G. LATIES, University of Rochester ASSOCIATE EDITORS PETER HARZEM, Auburn University RICHARD L. SHULL, University of North KENNON A. LATTAL, West Virginia University Carolina-Greensboro EDITOR FOR BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY MARC N. BRANCH, University of Florida REVIEW EDITOR A. CHARLES CATANIA, University of Maryland Baltimore County BOARD OF EDITORS NANCY A. ATOR, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine PETER D. BALSAM, Barnard College, Columbia University JAMES E. BARRETT, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences WILLIAM M. BAUM, University of New Hampshire DANIEL J. BERNSTEIN, University of Nebraska PHILIP J. BERSH, Temple University PATRICIA M. BLOUGH, Brown University CHRISTOPHER M. BRADSHAW, University of Manchester DAVID A. CASE, University of California-San Diego MICHAEL DAVISON, University of Auckland JAMES A. DINSMOOR, Indiana University DAVID A. ECKERMAN, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill RANDALL K. FLORY, Hollins College J. MARK GALIZIO, University ofnorth Carolina- Wilmington STEVEN C. HAYES, University of Nevada-Reno STEVEN R. HURSH, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research IVER IVERSEN, University of North Florida VICKI LEE, Monash University, New Zealand JOHN C. MALONE, University of Tennessee- Knoxville CHARLOTTE MANDELL, University of Lowell M. JACKSON MARR, Georgia Institute of Technology JAMES E. MAZUR, Harvard University JAY MOORE, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee WILLiAM H. MORSE, Harvard University Medical School MICHAEL T. PERONE, West Virginia University ALAN D. POLING, Western Michigan University KURT SALZINGER, Polytechnic University of Brooklyn EVALYN F. SEGAL, San Diego State University ELIOT SHIMOFF, University of Maryland Baltimore County JOSEPH E. SPRADLIN, University of Kansas WILLIAM D. TIMBERLAKE, Indiana University JOAO CLAUDIO TODOROV, Universidade de Brasilia KAY DINSMOOR, Business Manager and Managing Editor TIMOTHY HACKENBERG, Index Editor BARBARA L. COOK, Editorial Assistant Volume 46, 1986 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Copyright 1986 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc.

3 1986 GUEST REVIEWERS The following have served as Guest Reviewers from September 1, 1985 to August 31, 1986: Jeffery L. Arbuckle Alan Baron Jack Bergman Robert C. Bolles Aaron J. Brownstein Edward K. Crossman Jeanne M. Devany Lee Drickamer Steven I. Dworkin Linda Dykstra Barbara C. Etzel Lanny Fields Gregory Galbicka Leonard S. Green Gene M. Heyman John M. Hinson Peter Killeen A. W. Logue Anthony J. Marcattilio J. J McDowell J. W. McKearney David L. Myers Douglas Navarick J. A. Nevin Howard Rachlin Pamela G. Real David P. Rider Laura Schreibman Sara J. Shettleworth Alan Silberberg Donald M. Thompson William Vaughan Cora Lee Wetherington K. Geoffrey White Ben A. Williams Alice Young Michael D. Zeiler

4 ANNOUNCEMENT ELECTION OF JEAB EDITOR The Board of Directors of the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc., governing body of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior and Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, met in annual executive session on August 24, 1986, in Washington, DC. At that meeting Edmund Fantino of the University of California-San Diego was elected Editor of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, to serve four years beginning September 1, Also elected in August were three Directors: Jon S. Bailey (Florida State University), A. Charles Catania (University of Maryland Baltimore County), and R. Wayne Fuqua (Western Michigan University). Other current members of the Board of Directors are: N. H. Azrin William M. Baum Marc N. Branch Ronald S. Drabman Edmund Fantino (Chair) E. Scott Geller Lewis R. Gollub Peter Harzem Steven C. Hayes Philip N. Hineline Steven R. Hursh Brian A. Iwata Robert L. Koegel Victor G. Laties Kennon A. Lattal Charlotte Mandell Nancy A. Neef Dennis Reid Laura Schreibman Evalyn F. Segal Richard L. Shull J. E. R. Staddon Stephanie B. Stolz Ronald Van Houten 258

5 ANNOUNCEMENT APA DIVISION DON HAKE AWARD NOMINATIONS SOLICITED Nominations for the recipient of the Second Annual Don Hake Award are hereby invited from all student members, members, and fellows of Division 25. Guidelines for the award are as follows: 1. The award will be based on published work rather than on presentations at conferences or on work generally known in the behavior analysis community but unpublished (doctoral dissertation work is eligible if it has been published). 2. Any type of published work is eligible for nomination (e.g., synthesis papers, theoretical papers, experimental work, conceptual papers, critical reviews, books). The work may be either a single seminal contribution or a systematic series of works spanning several contributions. 3. The work should have been published within the last five years. 4. The basic-applied bridge/relation in the work should be made explicit in the work itself. 5. The work will be evaluated on the basis of its potential contribution to the interrelation of basic and applied areas. The work must hold the promise of having a substantial effect on the conceptualization of behavior and its controlling variables in relation to our practical technology for influencing the behavior and/or environments of humankind or other species or both. 6. The award will recognize work that bridges not only from basic research and conceptual development to applications but also that which bridges from applications to basic research and conceptual development. 7. Recipients need be neither a member of APA nor a psychologist. 8. Nominations for joint awards to two or more individuals for co-authored works are welcome. Nominators are asked to submit a one- to two-page letter that describes the work of the person being nominated as it relates to the general purpose of the award and specifically in terms of Guidelines 4, 5, and 6. Nominators also are asked to solicit a second for their nominee, and the person serving as second also should submit a letter describing the rationale for his/ her second. On acceptance of the nomination by the nominee, the material provided by the nominators and by the nominees will be reviewed by an awards subcommittee appointed by the Executive Committee of Division 25. Winners will be announced in the Recorder prior to the 1987 APA convention. Deadline for nominations is February 13, Nominations for the Don Hake Award and inquiries should be directed to: Dr. John R. Lutzker, Chair Awards Committee Dean of Student and Administrative Affairs California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles 2235 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA The recipient of the 1986 Don Hake Award was Murray Sidman. 280

6 ANNOUNCEMENT TAX-DEDUCTIBLE SUBSCRIPTIONS At the time this announcement is being written, not all of the details of the new tax bill are known. However, it is fairly certain that professional expenses such as subscriptions to scientific publications will not be considered a deductible expense in Although JEAB has not encouraged multiple-year subscription in the past, as a service to our more tax-conscious subscribers we are accepting multiyear subscriptions at the current individual rate of $18.00 (+$4.00 postage outside the U.S.). This offer applies only to individuals buying the subscription for their personal use and is not applicable to student-rate subscription, to institutionalrate subscriptions, nor to JEAB/JABA combination subscriptions. Individuals may enter a subscription for as many years as they wish at the current individual rate; checks or bank card instructions, dated not later than 31 December 1986, must accompany orders. Also, subscribers who have been contemplating the purchase of back volumes may wish to buy them before the end of the year. Checks should be made payable to JEAB and orders should be sent to Kay Dinsmoor, JEAB Department of Psychology Indiana University Bloomington, IN USA 292

7 ANNOUNCEMENT 24TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY Sydney, Australia, August 28-September 2, 1988 SYMPOSIUM ON THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR We would be pleased to hear from anyone interested in contributing to the Symposium on the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. Write to either of the Convenors: Michael Davison Department of Psychology University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand Geoffrey White Department of Psychology University of Otago P.O. Box 56 Dunedin, New Zealand General information on the 24th International Congress may be obtained from: Organizing Committee, 24th International Congress School of Psychology University of New South Wales P.O. Box 1 Kensington, NSW 2033 Australia 304

8 STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) 1. TITLE OF PUBLICATION: JOURNAL OF THE EX- PERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR ISSN Publication No DATE OF FILING: 30 September FREQUENCY OF ISSUE: Bi-monthly A. No. of issues published annually: six B. Annual subscription price: $ LOCATION OF KNOWN OFFICE OF PUBLICATION: Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana LOCATION OF THE HEADQUARTERS OR GENERAL BUSINESS OFFICES OF THE PUBLISHERS: Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF PUBLISHER, EDITOR, AND MANAGING EDITOR: PUBLISHER: Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc., Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana EDITOR: Dr. Philip N. Hineline, Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MANAGING EDITOR: Kay Dinsmoor, Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana OWNER: If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual, must be given. The JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALY- SIS OF BEHAVIOR is owned by a corporation, Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc., Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana There are no stockholders in the Corporation. 8. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities. None. 9. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates (Section , PSM). The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding 12 months. 10. EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION: A. Total No. Copies Printed (Net Press Run) B. Paid Circulation 1. Sales through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, and Counter Sales 2. Mail Subscriptions C. Total Paid Circulation D. Free Distribution by Mail, Carrier or Other Means: Samples, Complimentary, and Other Free Copies E. Total Distribution (Sum of C and D) F. Copies Not Distributed 1. Office Use, Left Over, Unaccounted, Spoiled after Printing 2. Returns from News Agents G. Total (Sum of E, Fl, and F2 should equal net press run shown in A) Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months Actual No. of Copies of Single Issue Nearest to Filing Date I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. Kay Dinsmoor, Business Manager 330

9 INDEX NOTE: This index covers Volumes 45 and 46 of the Journal. For each entry, the volume number is given in boldface; the number following refers to the first page of the article in which the entry appears. acquisition, and sequential behavior patterns, 46, 1 adaptation, see evolutionary theory adjunctive behavior, and response definition, 46, 219 adjusting procedure, and choice, 46, 67; and selfcontrol, 45, 305 adults, and coffee drinking, 45, 133; and concurrent performance, 45, 257; and conflict, 46, 37; and contingency relations, 46, 15; and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; 46, 137, 149; and self-control, 46, 159; and sequential behavior patterns, 46, 1; and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 aggression, see biting attack alternative reinforcement, and Herrnstein's equation, 45, 75 alternative response, and behavioral contrast, 46, 185 American Psychological Association animal care guidelines, 45, 127 amount consumed, see consuming amount of reinforcement, see reinforcement magnitude amphetamines, see d-amphetamine animal welfare, and ethics, 45, 123; and guidelines, 45, 127 aperiodicity of reinforcement, and resistance to change, 46, 79 asymmetrical interactions, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47 auditory word discrimination, 45, 269; see also stimulus control autoclitics, evolution of, 45, 115; see also verbal behavior autoshaping, and behavioral contrast, 45, 175; and relative time model, 46, 259; see also respondent conditioning aversive control, and behavioral history, 45, 189, 221; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; and conflict, 46, 37; and ethics, 45, 123; and morphine effects, 45, 221; see also negative reinforcement avoidance, and response-independent shock, 45, 189; see also aversive control, negative reinforcement awareness, and verbal behavior, 45, 351 bar press, see lever press behavior analysis, see behavior theory behavior regulation, and temporal organization, 45, 5 behavior structure, see scales of analysis, temporal organization behavior theory, and behavioral ecology, 46, 395; and ethics, 45, 123; and the future, 45, 229; and meaning, 45, 107; and natural selection, 46, 105, 395; and rule-governed behavior, 45, 351; and verbal behavior, 45, 115, 351 behavioral competition, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; 46, 185 behavioral contrast, and competition, 45, 47; 46, 185; and component duration, 45, 175; and context model, 45, 47 behavioral detection theory, see signal detection theory Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, review, 46, 395 behavioral economics, and foraging, 46, 113; see also substitution behavioral history, and aversive control, 45, 189; and morphine effects on punishment, 45, 221 behavioral momentum, see resistance to change behavioral organization, see temporal organization, scales of analysis behavioral pharmacology, and chlorpromazine effects on stimulus control, 45, 195; and cocaine effects on negative reinforcement, 46, 381; and d-amphetamine effects on fixed-interval performance, 45, 207; and human coffee drinking, 45, 133; and morphine effects on punishment, 45, 221; and resistance to change, 46, 363 behavioral set-points, and schedule constraint, 45, 5 behavioral taxonomy, and response definition, 46, 219 behavioral units, see scales of analysis bias, and matching, 45, 63, 83; and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293 binocular vision, and depth perception, 45, 149 biting attack, and response-independent shock, 45, 189 body weight, see food deprivation book reviews, 45, 107, 351; 46, 105, 395 bouts, of drinking, 45, 5 button press, and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; 46, 137, 149 caffeine, and human coffee drinking, 45, 133 causality, and contingency relations, 46, 15; and meaning, 45, 107; and selection, 46, 105 CER, see conditioned suppression chain schedules, and foraging, 46, 93; and resistance to change, 46, 79, 363 chain stimuli, and serial autoshaping, 46, 259 chaining model, and serial autoshaping, 46, 259 children, and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243 chlorpromazine, and stimulus control, 45, 195 choice, and behavior theory, 45,229; and concurrentchain schedules, 46, 211; and foraging, 46, 93; and matching, 45, 63; and matching vs. maximizing, 45, 333; 46, 331; and mixed vs. multiple schedules, 45, 33; and number of reinforcers,

10 INDEX 46, 67; and reinforcement magnitude, 46, 93; and resistance to change, 46, 79; and segmented interreinforcement intervals, 46, 175; and selfcontrol, 45, 305; 46, 159; see also concurrent schedules, concurrent-chain schedules choice-reinforcer delay, see reinforcement delay cholecystokinin-octapeptide, and resistance to change, 46, 363 classical conditioning, see respondent conditioning closed economy, and foraging, 46, 113 cocaine, and rate constancy, 46, 381 coffee, human drinking of, 45, 133 cognitive processes, see private events, remembering cognitive theory, 45, 351 communication, see social behavior, verbal behavior complex auditory stimuli, see auditory word discrimination complex multiple schedules, see multiple-concurrent schedules complex operants, and concurrent and multipleschedule performance, 45, 283 complex response units, and response definition, 46, 219 component duration, and behavioral contrast, 45, 175 compound schedules, see mixed schedules, multiple schedules concentration, see drug concentration concurrent schedules, and complex operants, 45, 283; and matching, 45, 257; and matching vs. maximizing, 45, 333; 46, 331; see also choice concurrent-chain schedules, and mixed vs. multiple schedules, 45, 33; and tandem vs. chain terminal links, 46, 175; within-session determination of preference, 46, 211; see also choice conditional discrimination, and conjoint control, 45, 161; and stimulus definition, 45, 297; and stimulus discriminability, 46, 293; and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243; see also stimulus control conditional relations, see conditional discrimination conditioned emotional response, see conditioned suppresszon conditioned reinforcement, and chain stimuli, 46, 259; and fixed vs. variable delays, 46, 79; and observing, 46, 281 conditioned stimulus, see relative conditioned-stimulus duration, respondent conditioning conditioned suppression, and relative duration of conditioned stimulus, 46, 51 conflict, as money vs. pain, 46, 37 conjoint control, and conditional discrimination, 45, 161 conjunctive schedules, and temporal organization, 45, 317 consuming, and foraging, 46, 113 context model, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47 contiguity, see temporal contiguity contingency, and causality, 46, 15; and contiguity, 45, 317 contingency descriptions, and causal relations, 46, 15; and rule-governed behavior, 46, 149 contingency insensitivity, and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; 46, 137, 149 contingency-shaped behavior, and rule-governed behavior, 46, 137, 149 contrast, see behavioral contrast convergence, and depth perception, 45, 149 correction procedures, and sequential behavior patterns, 46, 15 cost/benefit analysis, see optimality theory covert behavior, see private events d-amphetamine, and fixed-interval performance, 45, 207; and resistance to change, 46, 363 decision making, see choice decision rules, see matching law, maximization, optimality theory delay of outcome, see outcome delay delay of reinforcement, see reinforcement delay delay-reduction hypothesis, and foraging, 46, 79; see also choice, quantitative analysis delayed matching to sample, and effort, 45, 19; see also matching to sample, symbolic matching to sample dependency, see contingency deprivation, seefood deprivation, response deprivation, water deprivation depth perception, and binocular cues, 45, 149 differential reinforcement of other behavior, and response-independent reinforcement, 45, 75 discrete-trial procedures, and autoshaping, 46, 259; and choice, 46, 67; and conditional discrimination, 45, 297; 46, 243, 293; and self-control, 45, 305; 46, 159; and sequential behavior patterns, 46, 1; and visual discrimination, 45, 149 discriminability, and conditional discrimination, 45, 161; 46, 293 discrimination, and depth perception, 45, 149; see also stimulus control discrimination training, and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305 discriminative stimuli, and chlorpromazine, 45, 195; and concurrent performance, 45, 257; see also stimulus control DMTS, see delayed matching to sample dose, see drug dose drinking, as alternative behavior, 46, 185; and human drug self-administration, 45, 133; and schedule constraint, 45, 5 DRO schedules, see differential reinforcement ofother behavior drug concentration, and coffee, 45, 133 drug dose, and caffeine, 45, 133 drug/schedule interactions, see interactions drug/stimuli interactions, see interactions drug self-administration, and human coffee drinking, 45, 133 drugs, see behavioral pharmacology, individual drug names duration of reinforcement, see reinforcement magnitude

11 INDEX * * eating, and response deprivation, 46, 199; see also consuming, feeding patterns ecology, see evolutionary theory economics, see behavioral economics efficiency, and foraging, 46, 113 effort, and delayed matching to sample, 45, 19; and self-control, 45, 305 electric shock, see shock elicited behavior, see shock-elicited behavior, respondent conditioning emotional phenomena, see conditioned suppression energy gain, see optimality theory Ericsson, A. K., & Simon, H. A., Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data, review, 45, 351 escape, and behavioral history, 45, 221; effects of cocaine and white noise on, 46, 381; see also negative reinforcement establishing operations, and response deprivation, 46, 199 ethics, and animal welfare, 45, 123 evolution, of verbal behavior, 45, 115 evolutionary theory, and selection, 46, 105, 395 extended operants, see response sequences extinction, and complex operants, 45, 283; and resistance to change, 46, 79; and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305 facts, and verbal behavior, 45, 115 feedback, and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 feedback functions, and matching vs. maximizing, 46, 331; see also quantitative analysis feeding patterns, and foraging, 45, 15; 46, 113; see also eating FI schedules, see fixed-interval schedules figures, preparation of, 45, 3 fitness, see optimality theory fixed-action patterns, and response definition, 46, 219 fixed-interval schedules, and choice, 46, 211; and d-amphetamine effects, 45, 207; and reinforcement probability, 45, 103; of shock termination, 46, 381; and temporal organization, 45, 317 fixed-ratio schedules, and self-control, 45, 305 fixed schedules, and matching, 45, 333 fixed-time schedules, and alternative reinforcement, 45, 75; and segmented interreinforcement intervals, 46, 175; and self-control, 45, 305; and temporal organization, 45, 317 fixed vs. variable delays, see aperiodicity of reinforcement food deprivation, and animal welfare, 45, 123; and establishing operations, 46, 199 food quantity, see meal size, reinforcement magnitude foraging, and behavioral ecology, 46, 395; and behavioral economics, 46, 113; and delay-reduction hypothesis, 46, 79; and matching, 45, 15 forgetting, see remembering free choice, vs. forced choice, 46, 211 free food, see response-independent schedules free-operant detection, see signal detection theory FR schedules, see fixed-ratio schedules FT schedules, see fixed-time schedules generalized matching law, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; and discriminability, 45, 161; and foraging, 45, 15; and human concurrent performance, 45, 257; and multiple schedules, 45, 83; 46, 353; and signal detection, 45, 161; and time allocation, 46, 353; see also matching law, quantitative analysis, scales of analysis grammar, see autoclitics haloperidol, and resistance to change, 46, 363 handling cues, and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305 Herrnstein's equation, and alternative reinforcement rate, 45, 75; see also matching law, quantitative analysis history, see behavioral history housing conditions, and animal welfare, 45, 123 humans, see adults, children hyperbolic decay function, and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293 ideas, and meaning, 45, 107 identity constraint, and behavior regulation, 45, 5 identity matching, and stimulus definition, 45, 297; see also matching to sample imitation, and verbal behavior, 45, 115 immediacy of reinforcement, see reinforcement delay impulsiveness, see self-control indifference point, between delay and magnitude of reinforcement, 45, 305; between delay and number of reinforcers, 46, 67; between pain and money, 46, 37 information hypothesis, and observing, 46, 281 inhibition, and sequence of chain stimuli, 46, 259 inhibition of reinforcement, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47 initial-link duration, and choice, 45, 33; see also concurrent-chain schedules initiating fixed-ratio schedule, and delayed matching to sample, 45, 19 insensitivity, see contingency insensitivity instructions, and concurrent performance, 45, 257; and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; 46, 137, 149; and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315; see also rule-governed behavior interactions, between cocaine and white noise, 46, 381; between schedule and morphine, 45, 221; between simultaneous and successive discriminations, 45, 161 interference, and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305 interim behavior, and behavioral contrast, 46, 185 intermittent reinforcement, see individual schedule names interresponse-time theory, and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 interstimulus interval, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269 intertrial responding, and conditioned suppression, 46, 51

12 INDEX interval schedules, see fixed-interval schedules, variable-interval schedules intraverbals, evolution of, 45, 115; see also verbal behavior inversion constraint, and behavior regulation, 45, 5 IRT, see interresponse-time theory isometric muscular contraction, and pain, 46, 37 key peck, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269; and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; and choice, 45, 33, 333; 46, 67, 175, 211; and complex operants, 45, 283; and conditional discrimination, 45, 161; and delayed matching to sample, 45, 19; and foraging, 46, 93; and observational learning, 46, 45; and observing, 46, 281; and resistance to change, 46, 79; and self-control, 45, 305; and serial autoshaping, 46, 259; and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305; and stimulus control, 45, 195; and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293; and time allocation on multiple schedules, 46, 353; and visual localization, 45, 149 key press, and conditional discrimination, 45, 297 Krebs, J. R., & Davies, N. B., Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, review, 46, 395 language, see verbal behavior language-disabled children, and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243 Lapham, L. I., quotation on rule-governed behavior, 46, 148 lateral rod push, and self-control, 46, 159 law of effect, and behavioral economics, 46, 113 learning, see acquisition levels of analysis, see scales of analysis lever press, and behavioral contrast, 46, 185; and concurrent performance, 45,257; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; and conjunctive schedules, 45, 317; and elicited responding, 45, 189; and fixed-interval schedules, 45, 103, 207; and foraging, 46, 113; and punishment, 45, 221; and rate constancy, 46, 381; and resistance to change, 46, 363; and response deprivation, 46, 199; and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 licking, see drinking linear system theory, and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 listener, and meaning, 45, 107 local analysis, see scales of analysis local response rate, and fixed-interval schedules, 45, 207; and multiple schedules, 45, 83 logic, and meaning, 45, 107 magnitude of reinforcement, see reinforcement magnitude mands, evolution of, 45, 115; see also verbal behavior manuscripts, preparation of, 45, 1 matching law, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; 46, 185; and foraging, 45, 15; and human concurrent performance, 45, 257; and maximizing, 45, 333; 46, 159, 331; and self-control, 46, 159; theoretical evaluation of, 45, 63; see also generalized matching law, quantitative analysis, scales of analysis matching to sample, and effort, 45, 19; and stimulus definition, 45, 297; see also delayed matching to sample, symbolic matching to sample mathematical models, see quantitative analysis maximization, and foraging, 45, 15; and matching, 45, 333; 46, 331; and self-control, 46, 159; see also optimality theory, scales of analysis Maxwell, James Clerk, quotation on single-subject design, 45, 206 meal size, and foraging, 46, 113; see also reinforcement magnitude meaning, and verbal behavior, 45, 107 The Meaning of Meaning, review, 45, 107 melioration, and maximizing, 46, 331; see also choice, quantitative analysis memory, see remembering, short-term remembering mixed schedules, and choice, 45, 33; with fixedinterval and fixed-ratio components, 45, 195 molar equilibrium, see behavior regulation molar vs. molecular analysis, see scales of analysis money, vs. pain, 46, 37 monkeys, see squirrel monkeys morphine, and punishment, 45, 221 motivation, see establishing operations MTS, see matching to sample multiple concurrent schedules, with chain-schedule components, 46, 79, 211; with variable-interval components, 45, 161 multiple operants, and behavior theory, 45, 229 multiple reinforcers, see number of reinforcers multiple schedules, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269; and behavioral contrast, 45, 47, 175; 46,185; and choice, 45, 33; and complex operants, 45, 283; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; with fixed-interval and extinction components, 45, 175; with fixed-interval and fixedratio components, 45, 195; with fixed-ratio and DRL components, 45, 237; 46, 137; and generalized matching, 45, 83; and punishment, 45, 221; with ratio and interval components, 46, 51, 149; and resistance to change, 46, 363; and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; 46, 137, 149; and time allocation, 46, 353; with variable-interval components, 45, 283; 46, 185; with variable-interval and extinction components, 45, 269; see also multiple concurrent schedules The Nature of Selection, review, 46, 105 natural selection, see selection natural setting, and foraging, 45, 15 negative discriminative stimulus, see SP contingency negative reinforcement, and behavioral history, 45, 189, 221; effects of cocaine and white noise on, 46, 381; of stimuli uncorrelated with reinforcement, 46, 259 noise, see white noise noxious stimuli, see shock number of reinforcers, and choice, 46, 67

13 INDEX v observational learning, and stimulus preexposure, 46, 45 observing, and SA contingency, 46, 281 Ogden, C. K., & Richards, I. A., The Meaning of Meaning, Russell's review of, 45, 107 operant/respondent interactions, and aversive control, 45, 189; 46, 51; and behavioral contrast, 45, 175; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; and chain stimuli, 46, 259 optimality theory, and foraging, 46, 93, 113, 395; see also maximization, scales of analysis ordinal position, and fixed-interval performance, 45, 103 outcome delay, and contingency relations, 46, 15 overall response rate, and multiple schedules, 45, 83 pain, vs. money, 46, 37 pauses, and drinking, 45, 5; see also postreinforcement pause Pavlovian conditioning, see respondent conditioning pecking, see key peck perception, see depth perception phylogenic behavior, and natural selection, 46, 395; and verbal behavior, 45, 115 pigeons, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269; and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; and choice, 45, 33, 333; 46, 67, 175, 211; and complex operants, 45, 283; and conditional discrimination, 45, 161; and delayed matching to sample, 45, 19; and foraging, 46, 93; and matching vs. maximizing, 46, 331; and observational learning, 46, 45; and observing, 46, 281; and resistance to change, 46, 79; and self-control, 45, 305; and serial autoshaping, 46, 259; and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305; and stimulus control, 45, 195; and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293; and time allocation on multiple schedules, 46, 353; and visual localization, 45, 149 pliance, and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; see also rule-governed behavior postreinforcement pause, and fixed-interval schedules, 45, 207 preference, see choice private events, and meaning, 45, 107; and rulegoverned behavior, 45, 351 probability, see contingency, reinforcement probability, relative response probability Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data, review, 45, 351 PRP, see postreinforcement pause pseudosensitivity, see contingency insensitivity psychopharmacology, see behavioral pharmacology punishment, and drug/schedule interactions, 45, 221; see also aversive control quantitative analysis, and alternative reinforcement, 45, 75; and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; and choice, 46, 67; and delay-reduction hypothesis, 46, 93; and discriminability, 45, 161; 46, 293; and foraging, 45, 15; 46, 93; and generalized matching, 45, 83; 46, 353; and linear system theory, 46, 315; and matching, 45, 15, 63, 257; 46, 159; and matching vs. maximizing, 45, 333; 46, 159, 331; and multiple schedules, 45, 47, 83; 46, 293; and optimality theory, 46, 93; and self-control, 45, 305; 46, 159; and signal detection, 45, 161; 46, 293 quotations, 45, 206; 46, 148 rate constancy, and cocaine and white noise effects, 46, 381 rate dependency, and fixed-interval performance, 45, 207 ratings of contingency, see contingency descriptions ratio schedules, seefixed-ratio schedules, variable-ratio schedules ratio strain, and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 rats, and behavioral contrast, 45, 175; 46, 185; and behavior regulation, 45, 5; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; and conjunctive schedules, 45, 317; and fixed-interval schedules, 45, 103, 207; and foraging, 46, 113; and resistance to change, 46, 363; and response deprivation, 46, 199 reaction time, and behavior theory, 45, 229 reciprocity, between subject and experimenter, 45, 123 reflexivity, see stimulus equivalence regulatory theory, see behavior regulation reinforcement delay, and foraging, 46, 93; and number of reinforcers, 46, 67; and resistance to change, 46, 79; and segmented interreinforcement intervals, 46, 175; and self-control, 45, 305; 46, 159; and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293 reinforcement duration, see reinforcement magnitude reinforcement effectiveness, and response deprivation, 46, 199 reinforcement feedback functions, see feedback functions reinforcement history, see behavioral history reinforcement magnitude, and foraging, 46, 93, 113; and self-control, 45, 305; 46, 159 reinforcement number, see number of reinforcers reinforcement probability, and fixed-interval performance, 45, 103 reinforcer amount, see reinforcement magnitude relative conditioned-stimulus duration, and conditioned suppression, 46, 51 relative response probability, and response definition, 46, 219 relative time model, and autoshaping, 46, 259 remembering, and delayed matching to sample, 45, 19; and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305; and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293 resistance to change, and behavioral pharmacology, 46, 363; and fixed vs. variable delays, 46, 79 respondent behavior, and inhibition, 46, 259; and

14 INDEX response definition, 46, 219; see also operant/ respondent interactions response allocation, on multiple schedules, 46, 353 response bias, see bias response cost, see effort response count, and fixed-interval performance, 45, 103 response definition, and kinetic structure, 46, 219; see also scales of analysis response deprivation, and establishing operations, 46, 199 response duration, see time allocation response effort, see effort response-independent schedules, and alternative reinforcement, 45, 75; and segmented interreinforcement intervals, 46, 175; see also fixedtime schedules, variable-time schedules response-independent shock, and avoidance, 45, 189 response-outcome contiguity, and causal perception, 46, 15 response patterning, see temporal organization response sequences, and concurrent and multipleschedule performance, 45, 283; and correction procedures, 46, 1; and fixed-interval schedules, 45, 103 response strength, see choice, resistance to change response units, see response definition, scales of analysis restriction, see response deprivation retarded children, and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243 retrieval cues, and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305 review article, and multiple-schedule performance, 45, 83 rhesus monkeys, and conditional discrimination, 45, 297 rule-governed behavior, and concurrent performance, 45, 257; and contingency insensitivity, 45, 237; 46, 137, 149; quotation on, 46, 148; and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243; and verbal reports, 45, 351 SA contingency, and observing, 46, 281 salience, see discriminability sample-choice delay, and symbolic matching to sample, 46, 293 sample fixed-ratio schedule, and delayed matching to sample, 45, 19 satiation, and resistance to change, 46, 79 scales of analysis, and complex operants, 45, 283; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; and contingency relations, 46, 15; and delay-reduction hypothesis, 46, 93; and discriminability, 45, 161; and matching vs. maximizing, 45, 333; 46, 159, 331; and optimality theory, 46, 93, 113, 395; and response definition, 46, 219; and selection, 46, 105, 395; and self-control, 46, 159 schedule constraint, and behavior regulation, 45, 5 schedule-controlled behavior, see schedules of reinforcement, individual schedule names schedule-induced behavior, see adjunctive behavior schedules of reinforcement, 45, 229; see also individual schedule names schedule type, and conditioned suppression, 46, 51 segmentation, of interreinforcement intervals, 46, 175 selection, and behavioral ecology, 46,395; individual vs. group, 46, 105; and verbal behavior, 45, 115 selective attention, see observing self-awareness, see awareness self-control, and adjusting procedures, 45, 305; and maximizing, 46, 159 sequence of stimuli, in serial autoshaping, 46, 259 sequential behavior patterns, and correction procedures, 46, 1 sensitivity, and discriminability, 45, 161; see also contingency insensitivity serial autoshaping, 46, 259 shaping, and variable-ratio performance, 46, 315 shock, and behavioral history, 45, 189 shock-elicited behavior, and behavioral history, 45, 189 shock frequency, and conditioned suppression, 46, 51 shock postponement, see avoidance short-term memory, see remembering signal control, see autoshaping signal detection theory, and conditional discrimination, 45, 161; 46, 293 sign tracking, see autoshaping simultaneous discrimination, and conditional discrimination, 45, 161 simultaneous matching to sample, see matching to sample Sober, E., The Nature of Selection, review, 46, 105 social behavior, evolution of, 45, 115 sodium pentobarbital, and resistance to change, 46, 363 speaker, and meaning, 45, 107 spontaneous recovery, and stimulus control, 46, 305 squirrel monkeys, and cocaine and white noise effects, 46, 381; and morphine effects on punishment, 45, 221; and schedule/history interactions, 45, 189 stereopsis, and depth perception, 45, 149 stereotyped behavior, and complex operants, 45, 283 stimulus classes, see stimulus equivalence stimulus control, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269; and behavior theory, 45, 229; and chlorpromazine, 45, 195; and conditional discrimination, 45, 161, 297; 46, 293; and depth perception, 45, 149; and observational learning, 46, 45; and sequential behavior patterns, 46, 1; and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305; and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243 stimulus definition, and conditional discrimination, 45, 297 stimulus discriminability, see discriminability stimulus equivalence, and verbal behavior, 45, 351; 46, 243

15 INDEX *ii stimulus location, and stimulus definition, 45, 297 stimulus preexposure, and observational learning, 46, 45 stimulus salience, see discriminability stimulus-shock termination, see escape stimulus-stimulus relations, see respondent conditioning structure of behavior, see response definition, scales of analysis, temporal organization subjective scaling, and coffee drinking, 45, 133; and pain, 46, 37 substitution, and response deprivation, 46, 199; see also behavioral economics successive discrimination, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269; and conditional discrimination, 45, 161; see also multiple schedules suppression, see conditioned suppression, punishment symbolic matching to sample, and stimulus discriminability, 46, 293 symmetry, see stimulus equivalence tacts, evolution of, 45, 115; see also verbal behavior tautology, and selection, 46, 105 technical articles, and fixed-interval performance, 45, 103; and multiple concurrent-chains schedules, 46, 211 telegraph-key tap, and contingency relations, 46, 15 temporal contiguity, and conjunctive schedules, 45, 317 temporal control, and behavioral contrast, 45, 175; d-amphetamine effects on, 45, 207; see also stimulus control, temporal organization temporal organization, and complex operants, 45, 283; and conditioned suppression, 46, 51; and conjunctive schedules, 45, 317; and response definition, 46, 219 temporally correlated stimuli, and autoshaping, 46, 259 theoretical articles, and behavior theory, 45, 229; and alternative sources of reinforcement, 45, 75; and the matching law, 45, 63; and response definition, 46, 219; and verbal behavior, 45, 115 time allocation, and foraging, 45, 15; and matching vs. maximizing, 46, 331; on multiple schedules, 46, 353 timeout, from punishment, 45, 221 tracking, and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237; see also rule-governed behavior traits, and response definition, 46, 219 transitivity, see stimulus equivalence transportational cues, and spontaneous recovery, 46, 305 tremors, and human coffee drinking, 45, 133 trials, see discrete-trial procedures truth, and meaning, 45, 107 unconstrained pattern, and behavior regulation, 45, 5 undergraduates, see adults undermatching, and choice, 45, 63; and multipleschedule performance, 45, 83 unit price, and foraging, 46, 113 utility, and conflict, 46, 37 value, and resistance to change, 46, 79; and response deprivation, 46, 199 variable-interval schedules, and behavioral contrast, 45, 47; and choice, 45, 33 variable-ratio schedules, and linear system theory, 46, 315 variable-time schedules, and alternative reinforcement, 45, 75 variable vs. fixed delays, see aperiodicity of reinforcement verbal behavior, evolution of, 45, 115; and meaning, 45, 107; and rule-governed behavior, 45, 237, 351; 46, 137, 149; and stimulus equivalence, 46, 243 verbal environment, and verbal behavior, 45, 115 verbal reports, and rule-governed behavior, 45, 351 VI schedules, see variable-interval schedules visual attention, see observing visual discrimination, and observational learning, 46, 45 visual localization, and depth perception, 45, 149 VT schedules, see variable-time schedules wagtails, and foraging, 45, 15 water deprivation, and behavioral contrast, 46, 185 wheel running, and response deprivation, 46, 199 white noise, and rate constancy, 46, 381 word discrimination, see auditory word discrimination word length, and auditory word discrimination, 45, 269 work requirements, see effort

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17 Gene M. Heyman and R. J. Herrnstein, Lederle Laboratories and Harvard University. More on concurrent interval-ratio schedules: A replication and review Michael Davison and Lesle Charman, University of Auckland, New Zealand. On the measurement of time allocation on multiple variable-interval schedules Steven L. Cohen, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. A pharmacological examination of the resistance-to-change hypothesis of response strength Leonard L. Howell, Larry D. Byrd, and M. Jackson Marr, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, and Georgia Institute of Technology. Similarities in the rate-altering effects of white noise and cocaine BOOK REVIEW Lawrence L. Crawford, East Tennessee State University. Behavior analysis takes a field trip: A review of Krebs and Davies' Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach EXPIRATION NOTICE 1986 JEAB subscriptions expire with the publication of this issue. If you have not already sent your renewal order for 1987, please do so immediately-either by returning the renewal form sent to you or by sending your order to the Business Office address on the inside front cover. Individual and student rates will not change for Please help us keep costs down by responding now and, if possible, by sending payment with your order. Subscribers are the ultimate beneficiaries when we are able to economize on postage costs of expiration notices and invoices.,'"'this PAPER MEETS THE MNIMUM REQIREMENTS OF THE AMERICAN NATONAL STANDARD FOR x PERMANENCE OF PAPER FOR PRINTED LIBRARY MATERIALS, Z39.48, ALLEN PRESS, INC.