(A) Drive (B) Innate behavior (C) Learning, based on experience (D) A & B (E) None of the above

Transcription

1 CLEP Biology - Problem Drill 24: Behavior No. 1 of Habituation is a type of. (A) Drive (B) Innate behavior (C) Learning, based on experience (D) A & B (E) None of the above Having a certain drive or determination is not the basis for habituation. Habituation is a learned, not innate, behavior. C. Correct! Habituation is a type of learning based on experiences. Habituation does not involve drive and innate behavior. The answer is found in the choices listed here. This cannot be the right choice. Behavior can be modified by learning in many ways, including habituation. Habituation is a simple type of learning involving the loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli. For instance, if a stuffed owl is put into a cage with a song bird, at first it is scared. After a while, it will stop responding to the owl s presence. An animal responds to a stimulus but, if there is no reward or harmful consequence, it stops responding. The correct answer is (C).

2 No. 2 of Behavioral rhythms are well-documented in which behavior listed? (A) Taxis (B) Foraging behavior (C) Kinesis (D) Ultimate cause (E) Fixed action pattern Taxis is an automatic movement toward or away from a specific stimulus. B. Correct! Foraging behavior is occurring at the same time on whatever schedule that organism has. Kinesis is a random movement displaying a stimulus. The ultimate cause represents the causes of behavior on the scale of evolutionary time. Fixed action pattern (FAP) is an innate behavior that depends on external sign stimulus and gets completed after initiation. Endogenous clocks or the biological clock dictates various daily behaviors. The endogenous clocks often need exogenous cues to keep the behavior and clock properly timed with the real world. An example is a nocturnal animal that is kept in a constantly lit environment. The animal will continue to be more active during its night, even though it is still light. The precision of the endogenous clocks may change over time without external cues to keep it timed correctly. Circannual behaviors are directed by physiological and hormonal changes influenced by exogenous factors, like day. The correct answer is (B).

3 No. 3 of Which type of learning is associated with a critical period? (A) Imprinting (B) Habituation (C) Operant conditioning (D) Fixed action pattern (E) Genetic inheritance A. Correct! Imprinting is established within a critical time frame. Habituation is not associated with a critical time period. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context. It is also called trial-and-error learning. Fixed action pattern is a highly stereotyped behavior that is innate and must be carried to completion once initiated. Ontogenetic factors are the lifetime of experiences from embryo to death. Imprinting is a type of learned behavior with a significant innate component that is acquired during a limited critical period. An example of this behavior would be of newly hatched geese. Those reared by the mother show normal behavior. Artificially incubated and hatched eggs spent their first few hours with the researcher and steadfastly followed him and showed no recognition of their own mother. The correct answer is (A).

4 No. 4 of What is the combination of laboratory and field science and is a sub-discipline of zoology? (A) Behavior ecology (B) Anthropomorphism (C) Proximate cause (D) Ethology (E) Sociobiology Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior. Anthropomorphism is the tendency to think that human feelings, reasoning and motivation apply to animals. Proximate causes explain behavior, in terms of the here and now of ecological time. D. Correct! Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, as well as the subdiscipline of zoology. Sociobiology is the study of the social behavior and organization of animal species and their relationship to human social evolution. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, as well as the subdiscipline of zoology. This field of science is interested in the behavioral processes, like aggression in many unrelated animals or species. Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior. Anthropomorphism is the tendency to think that human feelings, reasoning and motivation apply to animals. The correct answer is (D).

5 No. 5 of 10 Mother gorillas responding to their babies is an example of. (A) Anthropomorphism (B) Ultimate cause (C) Proximate cause (D) Fixed action pattern (E) None of the above A. Correct! Anthropomorphism implies that animals have emotional connections like humans. The ultimate cause is the causes of behavior on the scale of evolutionary time. The proximate cause attempts to explain behavior in terms of the here and now of ecological time. FAP is a highly stereotyped behavior that is innate and must be carried to completion once initiated. The correct answer is listed among the choices, so this cannot be the right choice. Anthropomorphism is the tendency to think that human feelings, reasoning and motivation apply to animals. This type of thinking implies that animals have a kind of conscious awareness. The correct answer is (A).

6 No. 6 of 10 Which of the following statements is correct? (A) Behavioral patterns arise from genetic inheritance and environmental influences. (B) The ultimate cause of behavior is divided into ontogenetic and mechanistic factors. (C) Proximate cause attempts to explain why a trait exists. (D) A & B (E) All of the statements are correct. A. Correct! Behavioral patterns arise from genetic inheritance and environmental influences. The proximate cause, not the ultimate cause, of behavior is divided into ontogenetic and mechanistic factors. This statement is incorrect. The ultimate cause, not the proximate cause, attempts to explain why a trait exists. This statement is incorrect. Both of these statements are not correct. There is only one of these statements that are correct, so this cannot be the right answer. Behavior and behavioral patterns arise from three components: 1. Genetic inheritance nature of the organism. 2. Environmental influence nurture. 3. Experience learning. The correct answer is (A).

7 No. 7 of 10 Which of the following represents a type of learning behavior? (A) Imprinting (B) Insight (C) Operant conditioning (D) Classical conditioning (E) All of the above Imprinting is a type of learned behavior with a significant innate component that is acquired during a limited critical period. Insight learning is the ability to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which the animal has no prior experience. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context. Classical conditioning involves linking one stimulus with another; it is a type of associative learning. E. Correct! All of these types of learned behavior. There can be many types of learning behaviors. Classical conditioning involves linking one stimulus with another, it is a type of associative learning Insight learning is the ability to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which the animal has no prior experience. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context. This is also called trial and error learning. Imprinting is a type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period. The correct answer is (E).

8 No. 8 of 10 An animal failing to respond to a stimulus, once you remove the harmful consequence or the reward, is an example of what type of learning? (A) Habituation (B) Imprinting (C) Classical conditioning (D) Operant conditioning (E) None of the above A. Correct! Habituation is a simple type of learning involving the loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli. Imprinting is a type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period. Classical conditioning involves linking one stimulus with another; it is a type of associative learning. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context. It is also called trial-and-error learning. One of the statements listed below is incorrect, so this could not be the answer. There can be many types of learning behaviors. Classical conditioning involves linking one stimulus with another. It is a type of associative learning Insight learning is the ability to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which the animal has no prior experience. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context. It is also called trial-and-error learning. Imprinting is a type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period. Habituation is a simple kind of learning involving the loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli. The correct answer is (A).

9 No. 9 of 10 What is an automatic movement towards or away from a specific stimulus? (A) Kinesis (B) Taxis (C) Rhythmic behavior (D) Circannual behavior (E) None of the above Kinesis is a random movement displaying a stimulus. B. Correct! Taxis is an automatic movement toward or away from a specific stimulus. Rhythmic behavior is endogenous clocks or biological clock that dictates various daily behaviors. Circannual behavior is directed by physiological and hormonal changes influenced by exogenous factors, like day length. The answer is listed in the choices, so this cannot be the right answer. Taxis is an automatic movement toward or away from a specific stimulus. Various behaviors involving orientation and navigation are important determinants of animal distribution. The correct answer is (B).

10 No. 10 of 10 What is a behavior in which animals defend a specific fixed portion of its home range against intrusion by other animals? (A) Dominance hierarchies (B) Territoriality (C) Agonistic behavior (D) Foraging behavior (E) Courtship Some animals show clear-cut linear dominance hierarchies with differentially ranked individuals being permitted options appropriate to their status in the pecking order. B. Correct! Territoriality is a type of behavior in which an animal defends a specific, fixed portion of its home range against intrusion by other animals of the same species through agonistic interactions. Agonistic behavior is any behavior that deals with conflict and fighting. It does not have to be linked to a fight over territory. Foraging behavior deals with how animals look for food. Courtship, or sexual selection, is the competition for mates between individuals of the same sex (typically males). Social behavior is any kind of interaction of two or more animals. This is usually of the same species and involves a contest in which competitor gains an advantage in obtaining access to a limited resource like food or mates. Territoriality is a type of behavior in which an animal defends a specific, fixed portion of its home range against intrusion by other animals of the same species through agonistic interactions. Courtship, or sexual selection, is the competition for mates between individuals of the same sex (typically males). This drives the evolution of certain traits. It differs from ecological selection. Some animals show clear-cut linear dominance hierarchies with differentially ranked individuals being permitted options appropriate to their status in the pecking order. The correct answer is (B).