Dikran J. Martin. Psychology 110. Name: Date: Principal Features. Question: What is drive theory of motivation? (373)

Transcription

1 Dikran J. Martin Psychology 110 Name: Date: Lecture Series: Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion Pages: 21 TEXT: Baron, Robert A. (2001). Psychology (Fifth Edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Principal Features Motivation: The Activation and Persistence of Behavior Theories of Motivation: Some Major Perspectives DRIVE THEORY: MOTIVATION AND HOMEOSTASIS " a major approach to motivation (is) known as drive theory." Question: What is drive theory of motivation? (373) Question: Why do most psychologists today believe that drive theory suffers from several major setbacks? -1-

2 AROUSAL THEORY: SEEKING OPTIMUM ACTIVATION Question: What is arousal theory of motivation? (373) [Evidence] Arousal theory of motivation. (374) EXPECTANCY THEORY: A COGNITIVE APPROACH Question: What is expectancy theory of motivation? -2-

3 EXPECTANCY THEORY: A COGNITIVE APPROACH (Continued) [Evidence] Expectancy theory of motivation. (374) GOAL-SETTING THEORY Question: What is goal-setting theory of motivation? [Evidence] Goal-setting theory of motivation. (375) -3-

4 from to PRACTICE Using Goal Setting to Increase Occupational Safety-and Save Lives [Evidence] Goal setting, feedback, and safety on the job. ( ) MASLOW'S NEEDS HIERARCHY: RELATIONS AMONG MOTIVES Question: What is the hierarchy of needs theory of motivation? -4-

5 Hunger: Regulating Our Caloric Intake " hunger motivation, the urge to obtain and consume food, is a powerful one." THE REGULATION OF EATING: A COMPLEX PROCESS "We are living in an epidemic of obesity." [Evidence] Rise in obesity. (378) "The regulation of eating involves a complex system of regulatory mechanisms located (in various) organs of the body." [Evidence] Body regulatory mechanisms of eating. -5-

6 THE REGULATION OF EATING: A COMPLEX PROCESS (Continued) "Cognitive factors, too, play a role." [Evidence] Cognitive factors of eating. ( ) FACTORS IN WEIGHT GAIN: WHY MANY PERSONS EXPERIENCE DIFFICULTY IN THE LONG-TERM REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT " there is an increasing gap between people's desired weight (most want to be slim and their actual weight. What factors are responsible for this trend?" [Evidence] Factors in weight gain. ( ) -6-

7 Sexual Motivation: the Most Intimate Motive HORMONES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR " sex hormones exert what are usually termed activation effects in their presence sexual behavior occurs, while in their absence sexual behavior does not occur or takes place with very low frequency." [Evidence] Hormones and sexual behavior. (382) HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: SOME BASIC FACTS "Results were varied, but (sex) surveys generally pointed to the conclusion that where sexual behavior is concerned, individual differences are enormous." "Some people indicated that they had been celibate for years some reported engaging in sexual relations with a large number of partners and having three or more orgasms every day." "Starting in the 1960s direct and systematic observation of actual sexual activities was conducted by (William) Masters and (Virginia) Johnson." -7-

8 HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: SOME BASIC FACTS (Continued) [Evidence] Direct observation of the human sexual response. (383) HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON MATING STRATEGIES " there seem to be some differences between males and females where short-term sexual strategies are concerned. Why is this the case?" [Evidence] Gender differences in short-term mating strategies. ( ) -8-

9 HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: WHAT'S AROUSING AND WHY " our highly developed cognitive capacities seem to play the most important role in human sexual arousal." "The mind is the only true erogenous zone." SEXUAL ORIENTATION "What factors influence or determine sexual orientation?" [Evidence] Sexual orientation. ( ) Aggressive Motivation: The Most Dangerous Motive THE ROOTS OF AGGRESSION: INNATE OR LEARNED? Is aggression an inherited human tendency? Question: What is the Freudian perspective of aggression? (386) -9-

10 Aggressive Motivation: The Most Dangerous Motive (Continued) Question: What is the current psychological perspective of aggression (387) motivation? SOCIAL FACTORS Question: What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis of aggression? Question: Does aggression always stem from frustration? Question: What other social factors are thought to play a role in ( ) aggression? -10-

11 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Question: What environmental factors are thought to play a role in (388) aggression? HORMONAL FACTORS Question: What hormonal factors are thought to play a role in aggression? ( ) Research Methods: How Psychologists Study Aggression A device the aggression machine has been used to study aggression under safe laboratory conditions. Question: How is the aggression machine been used to study aggression? ( ) -11-

12 Achievement Motivation: The Desire to Excel Question: What is achievement motivation? (390) MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION Question: How is the Thematic Apperception Test used to measure achievement motivation? EFFECTS OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION ON INDIVIDUALS Question: Do individual differences in achievement and power motivation really matter? [Evidence] Effects of achievement motivation on individuals. ( ) -12-

13 EFFECTS OF ACHIEVEMENT ON SOCIETIES: ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH "While achievement motivation is certainly an individual process, some evidence points to the conclusion that average levels of this motive vary sharply across cultures." [Evidence] Effects of achievement motivation on societies. ( ) Intrinsic Motivation: How, Sometimes, to Turn Play into Work Question: What is intrinsic motivation? (394) Question: What happens if people are given external rewards for ( ) performing activities they find enjoyable? -13-

14 Intrinsic Motivation: How, Sometimes, to Turn Play into Work (Continued) " additional evidence suggests that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are not necessarily incompatible." [Evidence] Intrinsic motivation. (395) " research findings indicate that individuals can 'buffer' themselves against reductions in intrinsic motivation by engaging in a strategy known as self-handicapping." Question: What is self-handicapping? Emotions: Their Nature, Expression, and Impact Question: What precisely are emotions? ( ) -14-

15 The Nature of Emotions: Some Contrasting Views THE CANNON-BARD AND JAMES-LANGE THEORIES: WHICH COMES FIRST, ACTION OR FEELING Question: What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? (396) Question: What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? Question: Which of these theories is most accurate? ( ) Question: What is the facial feedback hypothesis of emotion? (397) -15-

16 SCHACHTER AND SINGER'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY Question: What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? (397) [Evidence] Schachter-Singer theory of motivation. OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY: ACTION AND REACTION TO EMOTION Question: What is the opponent-process theory of emotion? ( ) -16-

17 OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY: ACTION AND REACTION TO EMOTION (Continued) [Evidence] Opponent-process theory of motivation. (398) The Biological Basis of Emotions "Research on the biological and neural bases of emotions indicates that different portions of the brain play a role in each of these components." [Evidence] Biological basis of emotions. ( ) -17-

18 The External Expression of Emotion: Outward Signs of Inner Feelings NONVERBAL CUES: THE BASIC CHANNELS Unmasking the Face: Facial Expressions as Clues to Others' Emotions Complete the following: " it appears that six different basic emotions are represented clearly, and from an early age, on the human face: "In addition, some findings suggest that another emotion "Until fairly recently, it was widely assumed that basic facial expressions such as those for happiness, anger, or disgust are universal that they are recognized as indicating specific emotions by persons all over the world." [Evidence] Universal facial expressions. (401) Gestures, Posture, and Movements " nonverbal behaviors are sometimes termed body language or, more scientifically, kinesics; and they can provide several kinds of information about others' emotions." [Illustrations] Body language. (402) -18-

19 Gestures, Posture, and Movements (Continued) Complete the following: " more specific information about others' feelings is often provided (402) by gestures body movements carrying specific meanings Emotion and Cognition: How Feelings Shape Thought and Thought Shapes Feelings " there are important links between emotion and cognition between the way we feel and the way we think." Question: What is affect? (403) HOW AFFECT INFLUENCES COGNITION "The findings of many studies indicate that our current moods can strongly influence several aspects of cognition." [Illustrations] How affect influences cognition. -19-

20 HOW COGNITION INFLUENCES AFFECT " there is compelling evidence (of) the impact of cognition on affect." [Illustrations] How cognition influences affect. ( ) Subjective Well-Being: Some Thoughts on Personal Happiness Question: What is subjective well-being? (404) " several factors have been found to influence subjective well-being." [Evidence] Factors that influence subjective well-being. ( ) -20-

21 Subjective Well-Being: Some Thoughts on Personal Happiness (Continued) " findings (indicate) that several factors we might expect to be related to personal happiness do not seem to affect it." [Evidence] Factors that do not influence subjective well-being. ( ) END -21-