Study Guide A. Answer Key. Animal Behavior

Transcription

1 Animal Behavior Answer Key SECTION 1. ADAPTIVE VALUE OF BEHAVIOR 1. stimulus; behavior 2. Internal; body 3. External; surroundings 4. b, c, a 5. constant; stimuli 6. increase; particular 7. internal; external 8. hormones 9. physiological Hibernation 12. Migration hours (or day) SECTION 2. INSTINCT AND LEARNING 1. a, d 2. newborns 3. genetics; environment 4. imprinting 5. imitation 6. habituation 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. b 11. e 12. a 13. signal 14. ignore 15. recognize 16. observing SECTION 3. EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR 1. a, d 2. cannot 3. expose, to 4. ATP Territoriality (or Territorial behavior) 9. Territorial cost 10. Foraging cost 11. Foraging benefit 12. Territorial benefit 13. most; least 14. survive 15. defends 16. Drawings will vary. Share some with the class. SECTION 4. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 1. Benefits: b, e, f 2. Costs: a, c, d 3. chemical 4. sound 5. touch 6. visual 7. male; females 8. genes 9. protect 10. reciprocity 11. inclusive fitness 12. cooperation 13. kin selection 14. altruism 15. i, large, many; ii, non-reproductive; iii, female, queen 16. males; females 17. pheromone 18. altruistic SECTION 5. ANIMAL COGNITION 1. a, c, e 2. facts 3. trial and error 4. cause and effect 5. large; social 6. learning 7. insight 8. cognition 9. Drawings will vary. Share some with the class. Holt McDougal Biology i Animal Behavior

2 Section 1: Adaptive Value of Behavior KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment. VOCABULARY stimulus taxis biological clock kinesis circadian rhythm MAIN IDEA: Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive. Choose terms from the word box below to complete the sentence. behavior external stimulus body internal surroundings 1. A is a type of information that can make an organism change its. 2. stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own. 3. stimuli give an animal information about its. 4. Put the following statements into the correct order to complete the Cause-and- Effect Diagram explaining how a stimulus results in a behavior. a. Behavior occurs. b. Sensory cells detect change. c. Other systems are activated in response to the stimulus. Stimulus Information sent to nervous system No Response Holt McDougal Biology 1 Animal Behavior Section 1: Adaptive Value of Behavior

3 continued Circle the word that best completes the statement. 5. Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of constant / variable internal conditions. An animal s behavior can help to maintain homeostasis, because many behaviors are responses to associations / stimuli that affect an animal s well-being. For example, if an animal gets too hot, it might move to a shady location. 6. Kinesis is an increase / decrease in random movement, and taxis is a movement in a random / particular direction. MAIN IDEA: Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors. Choose a word or words from the box below to complete the sentence. external internal hormones physiological 7. Some behaviors can be triggered by a single stimulus, but most behaviors occur in response to a variety of and stimuli. 8. An external stimulus, such as a change in day length, might cause an animal to secrete specific. 9. These hormones act as internal signals that cause other changes. These changes, in turn, cause the animal to be more likely to respond to another external stimulus. MAIN IDEA: Some behaviors occur in cycles. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 10. A circadian rhythm is a daily cycle of activity that occurs over a -hour period of time. 11. is a behavior in which an animal avoids extreme temperatures by entering into a dormant state. 12. is a behavior in which an animal moves from one location to another (often a long distance) to avoid harsh climate conditions. Vocabulary Check 13. The word circadian comes from a Latin word that means circle. A circadian rhythm is a circular pattern of activity, because it repeats every. Holt McDougal Biology 2 Animal Behavior Section 1: Adaptive Value of Behavior

4 Section 2: Instinct and Learning KEY CONCEPT Both genes and environment affect an animal s behavior. VOCABULARY instinct habituation classical conditioning innate imprinting operant conditioning releaser imitation MAIN IDEA: Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli. 1. Which two of the following characteristics are true of instinctive behaviors? a. innate b. learned c. relatively flexible d. relatively inflexible Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 2. Innate behaviors are important for, because they have little time to learn certain behaviors necessary for their survival. 3. Consider the nature versus nurture debate. The two factors that influence innate behaviors are and. MAIN IDEA: Many behaviors have both innate and learned components. Choose the term from the box below that best fits the description. habituation imprinting imitation 4. rapid and irreversible learning process that only occurs during a short time in an animal s life 5. a type of learning in which animals learn by observing the behavior of other animals 6. a type of learning in which an animal learns to ignore a repeated stimulus Holt McDougal Biology 3 Animal Behavior Section 2: Instinct and Learning

5 continued MAIN IDEA: Learning is adaptive. Choose the letter for the word that best completes the sentence. 7. In associative learning, an animal learns to associate an action with its. a. consequences b. purpose c. stimuli d. goals Use the words and phrases listed below to complete the following Concept Map about classical and operant conditioning. a. behavior b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. positive or negative reinforcement e. previously neutral stimulus Two types of conditioning include behavior with associate 11. associate with triggered by different stimulus Holt McDougal Biology 4 Animal Behavior Section 2: Instinct and Learning

6 continued Vocabulary Check Circle the word that best completes the statement. 13. A releaser is a(n) imitation / signal that causes an animal to run through a behavior. 14. Habituation occurs when an animal learns to ignore / notice a repeated stimulus, even when it would normally trigger an innate response. 15. Imprinting is a type of learning where an animal learns to imitate / recognize another animal, such as its parents, siblings, or offspring. 16. Imitation occurs when an animal learns by observing / ignoring the behaviors of other animals. Holt McDougal Biology 5 Animal Behavior Section 2: Instinct and Learning

7 Section 3: Evolution of Behavior KEY CONCEPT Every beneficial behavior has costs and benefits. VOCABULARY survivorship territoriality optimal foraging MAIN IDEA: Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs. Circle the letter(s) for the best choices. 1. What are the two most important benefits of behavior? a. a better chance of survival b. a greater chance of finding food c. decreased isolation d. increased rates of reproduction e. more control of habitat Circle the word that best completes the following sentences, which describe the behavioral costs in the table. Place the number for the sentences into the appropriate box in the table. 2. Every behavior takes time, and this time can / cannot be used on a different behavior. 3. Many behaviors expose / protect an animal to / from injury or death. 4. Every behavior uses up ADP / ATP, and this energy is therefore not available for other behaviors. Cost of Behavior Energy costs Description 5. Opportunity costs 6. Risk costs 7. Holt McDougal Biology 6 Animal Behavior Section 3: Evolution of Behavior

8 continued MAIN IDEA: Animals perform behaviors that outweigh their costs. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 8. is the control of a specific area, or territory, by one or more individuals of a species. Place a check mark in the appropriate box to indicate whether each statement is a cost or a benefit of territorial behavior or of foraging. Territorial Behavior Foraging Behavior Cost Benefit Cost Benefit 9. Energy and time that could have been used for behaviors unrelated to defense 10. Energy used to search for, catch and eat food, as well as the risk of being captured by a predator 11. Amount of energy gained (calories) 12. Ability to control the resources within an animal s territory Circle the word that best completes the statement. 13. Optimal foraging is the theory that natural selection should favor foraging behaviors that get animals the least / most calories for the least / most cost. Vocabulary Check Circle the word that best completes the statement. 14. Survivorship is the number of individuals that reproduce / survive from one year to the next. 15. Territoriality refers to behavior in which an individual or group attacks / defends its territory. Holt McDougal Biology 7 Animal Behavior Section 3: Evolution of Behavior

9 continued Be Creative 16. In the box below, draw a cartoon that illustrates the costs and benefits of either territoriality or optimal foraging. Holt McDougal Biology 8 Animal Behavior Section 3: Evolution of Behavior

10 Section 4: Social Behavior KEY CONCEPT Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group. VOCABULARY pheromone inclusive fitness eusocial altruism kin selection MAIN IDEA: Living in groups also has benefits and costs. Use the letters for the following phrases to complete the table about the costs and benefits of living in a group. a. higher chance of contracting diseases b. improved foraging c. increased visibility d. more competition e. reduced chance of predation f. reproductive assistance 1. Benefits 2. Costs MAIN IDEA: Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or different species. Identify the four main types of communication signals. Communication Signal Description 3. releasing chemicals such as pheromones 4. calling, vocalizing, or making other noises 5. using physical contact 6. making gestures or postures Holt McDougal Biology 9 Animal Behavior Section 4: Social Behavior

11 continued Circle the word that best completes the statement. 7. Courtship displays are behaviors most often used by male / female members of a species to attract males / females. For example, jumping spiders dance and bowerbirds build bowers. 8. Scientists think that courtship displays might have an evolutionary function. A female might use the courtship display to judge the condition of her potential mate or the quality of his ideas / genes. 9. Defensive behaviors are aggressive behaviors used to advertise / protect the individual and/or the group. Two examples are mobbing and keeping watch. MAIN IDEA: Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them. Choose the correct term from the box below that best fits the description. altruism inclusive fitness reciprocity cooperation kin selection 10. behavior in which individuals help other group members so they will be helped in return 11. the total number of genes an animal and its relatives contribute to the next generation 12. behavior that helps both individuals 13. type of natural selection acting on alleles that favor the survival of close relatives 14. type of behavior in which an animal risks its life to help other group members Holt McDougal Biology 10 Animal Behavior Section 4: Social Behavior

12 continued MAIN IDEA: Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism. Circle the word that best completes the statement. 15. Eusocial species have the following characteristics: i. They live in small / large groups made up of many / few individuals. ii. Most individuals in the group are members of reproductive / nonreproductive castes, such as workers or soldiers. iii. All of the young are offspring of one male / female called the king / queen of the colony. 16. The term haplodiploid means that an individual s sex is determined by its number of chromosome sets. Males / females are haploid and males / females are diploid. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 17. A is a chemical released by an animal that affects the behavior of other individuals of the same species. 18. A(n) behavior is one that benefits the other members of a group but does not directly benefit the individual performing the behavior. An example of this type of behavior in humans is entering a burning building to save someone. Holt McDougal Biology 11 Animal Behavior Section 4: Social Behavior

13 Section 5: Animal Cognition KEY CONCEPT Some animals other than humans exhibit behaviors requiring complex cognitive abilities. VOCABULARY cognition insight cultural behavior MAIN IDEA: Animal intelligence is difficult to define. 1. Circle all of the following that are characteristics of cognitive behavior. a. awareness b. ability to speak c. use of reasoning d. use of altruistic behavior e. ability to perceive and judge Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 2. Scientists measure an animal s cognitive abilities rather than its level of intelligence, because cognitive abilities can be measured and can be described objectively, which means that they can be described based on facts / opinions. MAIN IDEA: Some animals can solve problems. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 3. Insight is the ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated cause and effect / trial and error. 4. The use of tools suggests that an animal can understand cause and effect / trial and error and can make predictions about its own behavior. Holt McDougal Biology 12 Animal Behavior Section 5: Animal Cognition

14 continued MAIN IDEA: Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 5. Animals considered to be most intelligent have relatively brains for their body size and they live in complex groups. 6. Cultural behavior spreads through a population by rather than by selection. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 7. The mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning is called. 8. Solving a problem mentally without using trial and error is called. The opposite would be learning to do something using trial and error or using imitation. Be Creative 9. Draw a four-panel cartoon that illustrates how an animal might use a tool to solve a problem. Holt McDougal Biology 13 Animal Behavior Section 5: Animal Cognition