5/28/2015. Please recall all of the words that you were asked to learn at the beginning of the lecture. 1. Elaborations during encoding

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Jeffry Harris
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1 Part X Memory: Picture Memory, Distortions, etc. 1. Elaborations during encoding 2. Inability to encode 3. Misleading information i at encoding 4. Retrieval biases 5. Verbal processing Please recall all of the words that you were asked to learn at the beginning of the lecture. How racial stereotypes distort social perceptions: After briefly viewing this picture, one participant described it to a second participant, who described it to a third, and so on. After six rounds of communication, the final report often placed the razor blade held by the white man into the black mans hand. 1

2 How fast were the cars going when they each other? VERB USED ESTIMATE (in MPH) Smashed 40.8 Collided 39.3 Bumped 38.1 Hit 34.0 Contacted 31.8 Please take a moment to answer the questions about the video you watched earlier. One week later, these participants reported seeing broken glass (when there was none)!!!! Robbery and Murder experiment (Loftus, 1974) Three Groups Circumstantial Evidence +Eyewitness Testimony +Eyewitness Testimony with 20/400 vision Convenience Store experiment (Brigham et al., 1982) Unusual/Distinct Actions Directions Paying in Change Later memory 2vs vs. 24hourslater Videotaped crime Misled by another witness 2 DVs (Loftus & Greene, 1980) Face Reconstruction Face Recognition Lures in Recognition Sanders (1984) Jury Ignorance Cutler, Penrod, & Dexter, 1990 Effects of Misleading Information Another Loftus accident experiment Stop and Yield Signs 2

3 Before misleading information: Why does Loftus s explanation sound bad? What else might explain this? After misleading information: Let s do the math New Explanation of Loftus, Miller, & Burns (1978) Control Group Expected Total % of Subjects Performance Correct Don t Remember 60% 50% 30% Total 70% Misled Group Don t Remember 60% 25% 15% Total 55% See: Hear: 7-Up Test: Coke or 7-Up? See: Hear: 7-Up Test: Coke or Sunkist? 3

4 Control Group Expected Total % of Subjects Performance Correct Don t Remember 60% 50% 30% 70% Misled Group Expected Total % of Subjects Performance Correct Don t Remember 60% 50% 30% 70% Forced Choice procedure New way to test this effect Results and implications Best explanation for these errors? See: LEARN A-B LEARN A-C TEST A-B Hear: 7-Up Test: Coke? 7-Up? Sunkist? Test each individually Interference from new learning Karl Lashley vs. Gordon Bower Searching for engrams Unsuccessfully, gave up Memory is not a single unit Composed of multiple components (features) Emotional features Semantic features Episodic features Visual/Auditory features More features Composed of many features, just like any other memory What have we reviewed already? 4

example Comparison of cities Farther East: Reno or San Diego Grouping and Categories (Hirtle & Jonides, 1985) Distances within vs. between categories Near vs.

5 Shepard (1967) 2-AFC Recognition Words vs. Pictures Delay vs. Immediate Standing (1973) 2-AFC Recognition Delay vs. Immediate Why is it so good? Faded Snapshot Image decay Impaired access, random distortion Constructivist Features constructed and lost Predictable biases Hierarchical Organization (Stevens & Coupe, 1978) Map example Comparison of cities Farther East: Reno or San Diego Grouping and Categories (Hirtle & Jonides, 1985) Distances within vs. between categories Near vs. Distant Buildings Cognitive Reference Points (Holyoak & Mah, 1982) Distances from certain landmarks Alignment (B. Tversky, 1981) South and North America Distances TO and FROM San Francisco to Salt Lake City New York to Philadelphia Grouping/Categories 5

Rotation (B. Tversky, 1981) Back to South America Rotation Similar to another bias? Landmark Effect (Sadalla et al., 1980) What do we take from all these biases in picture memory?

6 Rotation (B. Tversky, 1981) Back to South America Rotation Similar to another bias? Landmark Effect (Sadalla et al., 1980) What do we take from all these biases in picture memory? Background Orientation Relation of figures Reference Frame Memory Errors Eyewitness Testimony Which is the correct theory? Memory is feature based ( multicomponent ) Picture Memory Biases in Picture Memory 6

testing for implicit bias

testing for implicit bias impartial jury? [i]t is by now clear that conscious and unconscious racism can affect the way white jurors perceive minority defendants and the facts presented at their trials,