Outline 3/14/2013. Practice question What are the two types of learning we discussed? Example: remembering our ATM PIN. PSYC 120 General Psychology

Transcription

1 Outline 3/14/2013 PSYC 120 General Psychology Spring 2013 Lecture 14: Memory 3 processes of memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Dr. Bart Moore bamoore@napavalley.edu Office hours Tuesdays 11:00-1:00 Office location: 1030G Practice question What are the two types of learning we discussed? AND Example: remembering our ATM PIN 1

2 Stage 1: Encoding Transform perceptions, thoughts, and feelings into enduring memories Attention Example: remembering our ATM PIN Levels of Processing and Elaboration Depth of processing demo If you re birthday is in Jan-April, open your eyes. Everyone else, close em For each of the words presented, identify if they are written in CAPITAL letters. 2

3 Depth of processing demo If you re birthday is in May-August, open your eyes. Everyone else, close em For each of the words presented, identify if it rhymes with dog. Depth of processing demo If you re birthday is in Sept-Dec, open your eyes. Everyone else, close em For each of the words, identify if it fits in the sentence The is delicious. 3

4 Ready? Count backwards from 1000 by 5 s. Now write down as many of the words from the entire list as you can recall. How many did you remember? Frog Smog Bog Trash Umbrella Bug Candy Log Jog Paper Chalk 4

5 Depths of Processing Group 1: Identify the words written in CAPITAL letters Group 2: Identify if the word rhymes with dog? Group 3: Identify if the word fits in the sentence The is delicious. Depths of Processing Different ways of processing different strengths of memories Deep processing better memory Shallow processing emphasizes the physical features of the stimulus the memory is fragile and quickly decays Effectiveness of different depths of processing recall Structural Phonetic Semantic (shape) (sound) (meaning) 5

6 Information Processing Model of Memory Storage systems vary along 2 dimensions: Sensory Memory Defined Capacity- amount of information Duration - length of time information is retained Temporary storage of sensory information Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Defined Duration: Few seconds or less Iconic memory Visual < 1 second Echoic memory Auditory < 5 seconds Capacity? vs. a.k.a. Working Memory Temporary storage system for information currently being used 6

7 Short-Term Memory Information in conscious attention Activated memory Example: Looking up a telephone number Rehearsal Mental repetition of information Re-entry into short term memory Capacity of Short-term Store Write down a 3 digit number, a 4 digit number, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and a 10 digit number. Turn to your neighbor. Read the numbers to your neighbor in order of length and ask them to recite them after you. Take turns reading the numbers and reciting them Stop when your participant makes a mistake. Report the longest correctly remembered sequence. Capacity of STM Capacity of STM 7

8 Another Memory Exercise Capacity of STM I B M V C R M T V N B C T G I F IBM VCR MTV NBC TGIF Chunking Combining pieces of information into larger meaningful clusters Larger units More information remembered 16 units 5 units Duration of STM up to 20 seconds or... indefinitely, with maintenance rehearsal (rote repetition) Rehearsal Mentally repeating information Extends duration of short-term memory Facilitates transfer of information to longterm memory 8

9 Memory Consolidation Long-term memory Unlimited duration Information kept for days, weeks, years Unlimited capacity process of transferring information from shortterm to long-term memory Explicit Memory Stage 2: Storage Explicit Memory Consciously available Declarative Episodic Implicit Memory Outside of consciousness Non-declarative Procedural Semantic memory Factual knowledge about the world Episodic memory Past experiences and events Semantic Priming 9

10 What is Implicit Memory I went to Mexico for Spring Break Salsa is a type of Mexican food I can ride a bike The speed limit is 65 on highway 80 I ll never forget the first speeding ticket I got Procedural Memory How to do things Automatic Not consciously available Priming Demonstration Unscramble the following words O R E S ROSE L T E P A PETAL K T A L S STALK T S M E STEM L O B S O M S BLOSSOMS ELAF Priming Demonstration ELAF = LEAF Why not respond FLEA? Because flower parts were primed 10

11 Priming Memory Organization and Storage Schemas Connectionist network (read in book) Neurons and memory (book) Brain structures Schemas What usually happens in a situation Like a script Reconstruct memories using schemas Fancy restaurant Schema Fast food restaurant Schema Loftus and Palmer (1978) Participants watched 4 second film of 2-car accident Then, asked participants: How fast were those cars going when they into each other? Smashed Collided Bumped Hit Contacted 11

12 Loftus and Palmer (1978) One week later, asked participants: Did you see any broken glass? Reported seeing broken glass 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% There was no broken glass in the video! Suggestibility smashed hit Not told anything Networks pillow bed sheets dream sleep rest yawn late tired night Memory: Brain Structures Memory Retrieval 12

13 Stage 3: Retrieval Ways of Retrieving Bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored Remembering Recall No cues Example: Essay test Retrieval cue External information that helps bring memories to mind Recognition Choose from options Example: Multiple choice test usually easier than recall Serial Position Effect Try these items! Serial Position Effect Potato Strawberries Toilet Roast Lemonade Tomatoes Cheerios Cheese Bread Eggs Milk Paper Chips Beef What was on the list? Milk Eggs Bread Primacy Effect Recency Effect Strawberries Primacy effect Items rehearsed more Recency effect Less time to forget items 13

14 Encoding Specificity Principle State-dependent retrieval Retrieval cues: Mood State of consciousness Encoding Specificity Principle Context-dependent retrieval Retrieval cues: Environment Room Seat Time Forget why you went into a room? Go back to where you started How to Improve Retrieval Is memory accurate? Retrieval depends on encoding How you get it out depends on how you put it in Memory is not a mental videotape Reconstruction Not playback Encoding specificity principle Keep everything the same Match between encoding cues and retrieval cues Encode general idea Leave out details Example: penny 14

15 Special Cases of Retrieval Read Pages Forgetting Encoding Failure Retrieval Failure Intereference Interference Retrograde Amnesia Proactive Retroactive Old info New info Time Try to recall New info Damage to cortex Storage Cannot retrieve information from before trauma Soap opera amnesia Old info New info Old info 15

16 Anterograde Amnesia Damage to hippocampus Encoding Cannot encode new memories after trauma Memento 50 First Dates Anterograde Amnesia Case Study Case Study Continued HM epilepsy patient Temporal lobe & hippocampus removed Pre-surgery memories only HM Only impaired explicit memories Other memory types intact Short-term memory Procedural memories Never seen this before Improved performance 16