Don t allow fans to wear team football shirts

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Don t allow fans to wear team football shirts"

Ronald Perkins
5 years ago
Views:

2 Don t allow fans to wear team football shirts

3 VIEW What do you think we are learning about today?

4 LEARNING OBJECTIVE We are learning about the use of psychological knowledge within society

5 LEARNING OUTCOMES To explain and evaluate the different ways knowledge from social psychology has been used in society. To explain and evaluate the different ways knowledge from cognitive psychology has been used in society.

6 WHAT IS A USE/CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY? A contribution to society is something that helps society to function well in some way.

7 TO BE A USE, SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER YES TO THESE TWO QUESTIONS Has this brought about change that has benefitted some people? Was the change brought about as a result of psychological research?

8 THIS TOPIC HAS LINKS WITH SOCIAL CONTROL We are thinking about the different ways that psychological knowledge has been used in society this could be to increase understanding or to try and control the behaviour of individuals in society. You must be able to explain the different ways the social and cognitive areas of psychology have contributed to society and then evaluate whether this is really the case.

9 IN YOUR PAIRS Write down as many different ways that you can think, of how knowledge from cognitive/social psychology has been useful/contributed to society.

10 SOCIAL The main application of prejudice research in society has been to reduce prejudice. This has been used in our classrooms (e.g., jigsaw technique towards a superordinate goal) to reduce racial bias in multiethnic schools. Using our knowledge of stereotypes we can educate people to be more mindful of the similarities that exist between different groups rather than focussing on differences. Remove in-groups and outgroups, e.g., football shirts Superordinate goals Equal status contact Desegregation

11 Also with obedience, if we understand the cause/s of blind obedience, we can try and prevent terrible things happening in the future. Making sure soldiers know they have the right to refuse illegal orders and that in trials, obedience will not be taken as an excuse. We are all universally responsible it isn t just one culture that is obedient.

12 COGNITIVE The most important use of cognitive psychology is its application of explanations and research in society. A general understanding of how memory works can be used in everyday contexts, such as mnemonics to aid revision or chunking bits of information together to remember a telephone number. Understanding how memory works can also help in the treatment of learning impairments such as dyslexia. Teachers can simplify and shorten instructions and information so that working memory is not overloaded. As there is no cure for memory loss, cognitive therapies, such as cognitive stimulation have been used with dementia patients to practise memory tasks and reduce their confusion.

13 The concept of cue dependent recall has been extensively researched in psychology. It has been established that we encode, alongside the memory, the context and the emotional state we experienced at the time of learning. These context and state cues can be used to aid the recall of the original memory (e.g., cognitive interview, taking witnesses back to the scene of the crime, students in exams). Godden and Baddeley (1975) found that when divers learned and recalled a list of words underwater or on land, they performed twice as well as when learning and recalling in different contexts.

14 One of the most significant contributions of memory has been to aid our understanding whether EWT can be relied on. There has been considerable research examining the factors affecting reliability of memory, such as whether age, anxiety or post-event information can affect our ability to recall an incident and identify a perpetrator. This academic research led to the Devlin report (1976) which called into question eyewitness reliability following a number of cases of false imprisonment based on witness identification. This has led to recent changes in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act Codes of Practice in the way eyewitnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a line-up.

15 USING YOUR NOTES Write a short paragraph for each contribution (reducing prejudice, understanding and therefore preventing destructive obedience, helping memory, loss, improving EWT). Use the following structure: 1. What is the contribution/use? why they are a contribution/useful. 2. How is it achieved/what is done? 3. A link to the theory/study behind it. Finished? Start thinking of evaluation points for each of these. Are they really going to be useful to society? Is there evidence that they are; are there any flaws with the research that provide this contribution?

16 EXAMPLE - DESCRIPTION One use from the social approach is that it has helped society to understand and employ methods to try and reduce prejudice. This is a use as it helps to reduce potentially negative behaviour and attitudes that can arise from the prejudice beliefs that some people may hold against others. This prejudice may lead to discrimination, as people may act upon their prejudice beliefs. If the prejudice they hold is negative, this may lead to the unfair treatment of others in society. Reducing prejudice therefore, may prevent this from happening. As prejudice (from football hooliganism to genocide) is something that society wants to reduce for humane reasons, any theory that can offer suggestions will be a contribution. I have stated what the use is and why it is a use (i.e. how it helps society) SIT explains that people form in-groups and out-groups. One aspect of categorising oneself as part of an in-group is to publicly identify with the group, its members and its norms. In order to raise self-esteem an individual will want to see their in-group favourably and will tend to look down on any out groups. This denigration and hostility is prejudice. Another explanation for prejudice is RCT. Not only do those in the in-group show hostility to the out-group but the groups tend to be in conflict as well. SIT would suggest that breaking down barriers between the in-groups and out-groups would reduce prejudice. RCT suggests that working towards a superordinate goal which is a goal that everyone has to work together to achieve would reduce prejudice. - Here there is a clear link to theory and what the theory would suggest society should do in order to reduce prejudice.

17 EVALUATING Evaluation needs to focus on whether the use does actually positively contribute to society or not. You are weighing up how effective/useful/reliable/worthwhile they may be by looking at research or limitations/particular strengths they might have. So every single point you make must link back to this does the point that you have made suggest the contribution is going to be successful or not? Structure for any evaluation point: Strength or weakness Make your point if using research, focus mainly on findings. Link back to what this suggests about the contribution i.e. is it going to be effective? If yes, why? If not, why?

18 EXAMPLE OF EVALUATION POINTS A weakness of the contribution is that the theories that have provided the means to try and reduce prejudice have been criticised. Taking one aspect of prejudice such as being in a group means reducing a complex social interaction rather than looking at the whole experience of being prejudiced or being discrimination against. Therefore, SIT and RCT have both been criticised for being reductionist as they reduce a complex social interaction to something simple. This means that they may ignore the more complex factors that may have an influence on prejudice. If this is the case, the methods that may be employed to reduce prejudice that are based upon these theories may not be effective as they are not focusing on all of the elements that may have an influence on the negative attitudes/behaviour that cause prejudice and discrimination.

19 EVALUATION Write 1 strength and 1 weakness for each contribution this can include supporting/contradicting research for the theory that gives the use; strengths or issues with the research methods that have been used to gain information from etc.

20 IN YOUR PAIRS Write down on your whiteboards as many different ways that you can think, of how knowledge from biological/learning psychology has been used in society. Share and steal!

21 LEARNING OBJECTIVE We are learning about the use of psychological knowledge within society

22 LEARNING OUTCOMES To explain and evaluate the different ways knowledge from biological psychology has been used in society. To explain and evaluate the different ways knowledge from learning theories has been used in society.

23 THIS TOPIC HAS LINKS WITH SOCIAL CONTROL We are thinking about the different ways that psychological knowledge has been used in society this could be to increase understanding or to try and control the behaviour of individuals in society. You must be able to explain the different ways the biological and learning areas of psychology have contributed to society and then evaluate whether this is really the case.

24 BIOLOGICAL Understanding causes of aggression to perhaps prevent them - Insight into the contributory role of genes, hormones and brain structure on aggressive behaviour can also be beneficial to society, as by understanding the causes of such behaviour it is possible, in some cases, to avoid it. Can allow for those identified as at risk to experience a modified environment that reduces the risk of aggressive behaviour patterns developing, therefore benefiting both the individual and society. This links with your key question about the implications of aggression being due to nature. Drug addiction is one area that has benefited from psychological knowledge. E.g., understanding the physiological changes that underlie addiction to drugs has furthered treatments to the extent that some researchers are beginning to develop pharmacological treatments that may be used in the future to help avoid relapse. Understanding how neurotransmitters affect mood explanations of mental health e.g. excess activity levels of dopamine at the synapse is thought to be linked to schizophrenia; low levels of activity of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline) are thought to be linked to depression.

25 LEARNING Using patterns of reward to shape behaviour in schools and prisons E.g. how rewards are given in schools to shape required behaviour. Token economy programmes can be used in prisons, also to shape behaviour. CC can be used to help with phobias and anxiety through treatments such as systematic desensitisation and flooding. SLT has helped to show that watching TV violence can be harmful for children and can lead to aggressive behaviour. Therefore the 9pm watershed was brought in and films are categorised (Bandura). SLT and OC and links to anorexia to help us understand its development and therefore possible treatments/preventions your key question.

26 USING YOUR NOTES Write a paragraph on each point to explain how society has used this information i.e. how it is beneficial/what society has gained from it. Reminder: Biological aggression understanding and potential prevention/implications if nature; drug addiction preventing relapse; neurotransmission and mental health. Learning OC shaping behaviour; CC treatments; SLT prevention of increased aggression through exposure to media violence; SLT and OC understanding development and potential prevention/treatment of anorexia. Finished? Start thinking of evaluation points for each of these. Are they really going to be useful to society? Is there evidence that they are; are there any flaws with the research that provide this contribution?

27 EVALUATING Colour code each evaluation point to the contribution from learning you think it belongs to. Use your notes to finish off some of the points (indicated by: ) Then, on a separate piece of paper, pick two strengths and two weaknesses from your biological notes for each contribution. This should include some research and link directly back to how useful the information is therefore likely to be. Finished? Have a go at answering this question: Psychological knowledge from the Learning theories has contributed to society more than any other area of psychology. To what extent do you agree with this statement? (12)

28 MIND MAP List for clinical then complete the sheet criminal/child mind map Description and evaluation

29 IN YOUR PAIRS Write down on your whiteboards as many different ways that you can think, of how knowledge from criminal psychology has been used in society. Share and steal!

EDEXCEL AS Psychology

EDEXCEL AS Psychology Paper 1 Social and Cognitive Psychology Obedience Component 2 covers research methods and included in this is the methodology, procedures and ethics of Milgram. Prejudice Individual