Culturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being: Preliminary Psychometric Evidences
|
|
- Melvin McLaughlin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health (2012) 19 : Culturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being: Preliminary Psychometric Evidences Rakesh Pandey and Nimita Srivastava Researches indicate that culturally induced differences in self-perception have significant influence on an individual s general attitude and behaviour including his/her evaluation of subjective happiness and self-worth. The individualistic cultures focus more on independence, self-sufficiency, uniqueness, and personal success leading to an independent view of self, whereas the collectivist cultures give emphasis on cooperation, group cohesion, interpersonal harmony etc. that leads to interdependent self-view. Based on such cultural differences in self-construal, it was hypothesized that culturally construed dual sources (independent and interdependent) of well-being may also exist. To test this hypothesis a 20 item inventory (10 related to independent and 10 interdependent sources) was developed that asked participants about the importance given to various sources well-being on a 5-point scale. The inventory was administered on 179 participants along with a measure of selfconstrual. The factor analysis yielded two factors. On the first factor, most of the items reflecting interdependent sources of well-being loaded significantly whereas on the second those items loaded significantly that reflected independent sources of well-being. However, a close examination of the pattern of loading revealed that some items initially considered as indicator of independent source of well-being loaded with items reflecting interdependent sources of well-being and vice versa. Thus, the thematic coherence of the items of each factor was re-examined and these factors were re-labelled as interdependent and intrinsic sources of well-being and independent and extrinsic sources of well-being, respectively. Further, it was noted that independent/extrinsic source of wellbeing correlated positively with both independent and interdependent self but the interdependent/ intrinsic source correlated (positively) only with interdependent self. This pattern of correlation provides some support to the validity of the dual sources of well-being. A growing body of empirical evidences collected from cross-cultural studies indicates that cultural norms, ideals, and value systems have significant influence on an individual s behaviour and attitude. Rooted in this idea is the view that cultural value systems also shape one s perception about the self. When the cultural values and ideals are internalized and endorsed it results in such type of selfcognition and psychological bases for selfworth that is congruent with the given cultural value system. The prototypical view of self of different cultures differs markedly depending on what behaviour, attitudes, and traits are valued by the culture. One dichotomous cultural distinction often made in cross-cultural studies is of Eastern (collectivist) and Western (individualistic) cultures. These two cultures value different characteristics and thus foster different types of self-perceptions. For example, the Western cultural value system places emphasis on independence, self-sufficiency, uniqueness, freedom from societal constraints, separateness from others, and personal success (Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, and Tipton, 1985; Cahoone, 1996; Lewis, 1995; Spindler and Spindler, 1990) and lead to a self-cognition that is referred to as independent self-construal (Markus and Kiatayama, 1991, 1994). The Eastern culture, on the other hand, give emphasis on coordination, cooperation, group cohesion, shame and apologies, interpersonal harmony, the importance of others, and the responsibility to the group Rakesh Pandey, Ph.D., FSIS, Professor, Dept of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi (India),(Correspondence to Rakesh Pandey, rpan_in@yahoo.com) and Nimita srivastava Head, Psychological Counseling and Testing Cell, Training and placement Department, L.T.J.S.S, Nagpur. Key words: Culture, Independent and interdependent self, sources of well-being
2 26 Pandey and Srivastava (Bond, Leung, and Wan, 1982; De Vos, 1985; Hsu, 1948; Leung, 1997; Uno, 1991) and leads to the self-cognition called as interdependent self-construal (Markus and Kiatayama, 1991, 1994). Researchers have theorized that when these individualistic and collectivistic values are internalized they lead to entirely different types of behavioural constellation and selfperception. The individualistic culture fosters a self-cognition characterized by internal attribute, uniqueness, and separateness from others (independent self-view), whereas the collectivistic culture leads to self-cognition defined by connectedness, relationship and social context (interdependent self-view; see Markus and Kitayama, 1991; Singelis, 1994 for a review). There are, though, several theories that make such cultural distinctions at individual level attitude towards self and others (e.g., individualism collectivism theory of Triandis, 1989), the present study is based on the Markus and Kitayam s (1991, 1994) cultural theory of self also called self-construal theory. This theory proposes that the individualistic and collectivistic culture shape and nurture two entirely distinct types of self-cognitions leading to dual self-processes called independent and interdependent self construals. Self-construal is defined as an individual s mental representation of him or herself (Markus and Kitayama, 1991). The self construal theory assumes that the sense of self, including self-concepts and selfappraisals, is constructed rather than directly perceived or experienced. An independent view of self derives from a belief in the wholeness and separateness of each individual s pattern of internal attributes and places emphasis on such aspects as selfactualization, realizing oneself, expressing one s unique pattern of needs, rights and capabilities, and developing one s distinctive potential (see Markus and Kitayama, 1991, 1994). In contrast, an interdependent view of self derives from a belief in the individual s connectedness and interdependence to others. This construal places emphasis on fitting in, belongingness, fulfilling and creating obligations, and becoming part of society. This is the representative Eastern characterization of the self, which places crucial self- representation not within the unique individual attributes, but within his/ her social relationships in which he/she feels embedded (see Markus and Kitayama, 1991, 1994). The culturally shaped psychological processes at individual level, such as independent and interdependent self-construal (Markus, and Kitayam, 1991), may provide a link between culture and SWB (See Diener and Suh 2000, for a review) and insight into how the culture determines the SWB of an individual. The meaning of SWB or happiness and satisfaction may also differ for individuals of different cultures. What does it mean to be happy or well for individuals of Western culture may not be the same for Eastern culture (see Diener and Suh, 2000 for a review). Further, it has also been noted that emotions considered positive in one culture may be considered negative in the other. For example, Scollon and associates (2004) observed that while individuals of Western culture viewed pride as positive emotion, it grouped with the unpleasant emotions in India. Empirical studies focusing on the cultural differences in the subjective viewpoint or meaning of subjective well-being have reported the existence of culturally distinct facets of wellbeing for different cultures (e.g., Ingersoll, 1985; Ingersoll and Ingersoll 1987). For example, Ingersoll-Dayton and associates (Ingersoll- Dayton, Saengtienchai, Kespichayawattana, and Aungsuroch, 2001) examined the subjective meaning of psychological well-being of Thai elders and identified five dimensions of well-being: harmony, interdependence, acceptance, respect and enjoyment. They further noted that most of the dimensions of well-being were distinct from that of Western view. Only one dimensions of well-being (i.e., social relatedness) was found to be shared
3 Culturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being 27 by both Asians and Americans. The most interesting observation of this study was that the majority of the dimensions of well-being observed in Thai sample were other focused and not self-focused. Similar cultural differences in meaning of happiness and well-being have been presented by others also. For example, Kitayama (2002) theorized that for an individual with independent self- construal happiness is a subjective state that belongs to an individual and thus experienced as a personal property. Contrary to it, for collective individuals (having interdependent self-view) the happiness is an inter-subjective state shared with others. For them, happiness is mediated by interpersonal relationships and harmony. He also argued that while evaluating one s SWB the person of individualistic culture (with independent view of self) does the evaluation in the context of his/her internal psychological attributes and personal qualities. On the other hand, an individual of collective culture evaluates one s life in the interpersonal context such as in relation to family and friends. Moreover, SWB for Western culture (independent self) is largely viewed as maximization of positive affect and minimization of negative effects whereas for Eastern culture it may be a balance between the positive and negative affect (Kitayama and Markus, 2000). From the foregoing studies, it is evident that individualistic and collectivistic cultural values and mandates differently influence the construal of self-perception, as well as the attitude and behavior of an individual. Further, the different cultural values and the consequent self-construal may influence differently the subjective evaluation of one s happiness and well-being as well as the subjective meaning of happiness and well-being. The observation that such cultural differences bring difference in the subjective meaning of happiness lead to the hypothesis that these cultural differences could also bring variation in what an individual considers important for one s well-being. In other words, the source of deriving happiness and life satisfaction may differ for the individuals of the two cultures having two different self-view. More specifically, based on the cultural theory of self (Markus and Kitayama, 1991) it was speculated that similar to culturally distinct dual self-process (independent and interdependent self-construal), two culturally distinct sources (independent and interdependent sources) of well-being may also exist. Derived from the Markus and Kitayama s cultural theory of self, the dual sources of well-being were also hypothesized to differ in their focus on either the self or the others. The independent source of well-being was operationally defined as those sources of deriving happiness that focus on the individuals own worth and social status such as one s own success, gaining material prosperity, developing one s potential, skill and knowledge etc. Contrary, to it, the interdependent source of well-being was conceived as that source which is related to the growth, development, and happiness of the significant others like family members. To test the hypothesis of the existence of the dual sources of well-being the psychometric approach was adopted. An inventory was developed that asked the participants how much important they consider the listed sources for their well-being. After getting the ratings of the participants the data was factor analyzed with the assumption that if there would exist two distinct sources of well-being then all the items of the inventory would divide into two factorsitems related to one source would cluster together and load on one factor only. It was also assumed that for the Indian participants the first factor explaining the largest proportion of the total variance would comprise of those sources of well-being that focus on the shared happiness and growth. To validate the concept of culturally construed dual sources of wellbeing, the relationship of the dual sources of well-being was also examined with measures of independent and interdependent self. It was
4 28 Pandey and Srivastava hypothesized that the said dual sources of wellbeing would relate differently with the measures of independent and interdependent self. Materials and Methods: Sample: The study was conducted on an incidentally sampled group of 179 Hindi Speaking Indian participants. Out of the 179 participants, 112 were males and the remaining 67 were females. All the participants belonged to middle class socio-economic status and have an education level of undergraduate or above. The sample was relatively heterogeneous with regard to age and occupational background. The age of the participants ranged from 20 to 60 years. As far as the occupation is concerned, the present sample included, students, engineers, doctors, bank employees, clerical staff and officers from various public and private sector organizations, as well as self-employed individuals and businessmen. The attempt to get a relatively heterogeneous sample was made in order to ensure wide variations in response so that reliability and validity of the scale is not artificially truncated because of restricted response variance. Tools: Dual Sources of Well-Being Inventory was developed for the present study. For the development of this inventory, first of all an open ended questionnaire was administered to a small group of participants (N =30) that asked, What makes you feel happy and satisfied? The answers of each participant was content analysed and 20 different categories of sources (10 independent and 10 interdependent) that commonly appeared in the responses of most of the participants were identified. The sources classified under independent category included personal growth and development, personal achievements, praise of one success and achievements etc. The interdependent sources included growth, development and achievement of the family members, cordial relationship within the family, family adjustment etc. These 20 sources of well-being were presented in a questionnaire form and the respondents were asked to rate on a 5-point scale the importance given to each for their well-being. To assess the self-construal of the participants the Independent-Interdependent Self-construal Scale was used that consists of 30 items 17 measuring interdependent self and 13 the independent self. The respondents are asked to rate each item of the scale on a 7-point rating scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Thus, the higher score on this scale reflects higher level of the trait being measured. Procedure: The aforesaid inventories were administered either individually or in small groups. Before the administration of the questionnaires the participants were briefed about the purpose of the study and their task. After getting the consent of the participants the aforesaid questionnaires were administered as per the standard instructions of each questionnaire. All participants were requested to ensure that they have responded to each items of every questionnaire/scale. The obtained data were subjected to a principal component analysis followed by varimax rotation. The bi-variate correlation between the measures of selfconstrual and dual sources of well-being was also examined. Results and Discussion The principal component analysis of the data yielded 20 components. However, the scree plot indicated that the first two components may be considered significant that account most of the total variance. Thus, these two components were subsequently rotated using varimax method with Keiser Normalizaton criterion. The obtained results have been displayed in Table-1. It is evident from this table that as per our expectations most of the items reflecting
5 Culturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being 29 the shared happiness, growth and development (interdependent sources) loaded on the first factor. On the other hand, the items focusing on individual level growth, development and prosperity (independent sources) loaded mostly on the second factor. Thus, these two factors may be labelled as independent and interdependent sources of well-being, respectively. However, a close look at the pattern of factor loadings suggest that some of the items hypothesized to reflect independent source of well-being loaded on the first factor. For example, gaining academic excellence, better health and energy, accomplishing one s goal, and successfully playing one s roles (initially hypothesized to be the independent source of well-being) loaded on the first factor along with the various interdependent sources of well-being. Similarly, a few items (e.g. social popularity, identification with one s family) initially hypothesized to be the interdependent sources of well-being loaded on the second factors with independent sources of well-being. This pattern of cross loading suggests that the observed dual sources of well-being in the present study do not completely reflect the hypothesized independent and interdependent sources of well-being. Table1 Rotated Component Matrix of Sources of Well-being Inventory Sources of Well being Component 1 2 Progress and betterment of family.832 Successful fulfillment of the family responsibilities and liabilities.689 Cordial relationship with family members.687 Harmony and adjustment within family.686 Significant accomplishment and success of family members.670 Academic/professional excellence/achievement.650 Healthy body full of energy and vigor.636 Successful accomplishment of one s own roles.624 Achievement of goals set for self.584 Happiness of the family.573 Personal progress and development Honour and recognition of your work by others.772 Admiration of your achievements by others.740 Obtaining means of comfort and luxury.732 Financial affluence and becoming owner of valuable assets.684 Getting recognition in society.667 To be called enlightened and knowledgeable person.658 Social popularity.618 Availability of physical means of comfort and pleasure.580 Personal achievements.444
6 30 Pandey and Srivastava Thus, we tried to re-examine the thematic coherence of the items of the each factor and re-label the factors. The examination of the item content of the first factors revealed that all the items on this factor can be grouped into two categories. The first consisting of items focussing on the shared happiness and growth (interdependence) and the second on the intrinsic growth. Thus, based on this we labelled the first factor as interdependent and intrinsic sources of well-being. Similarly, the items of the second factor also grouped into two categories- independent and extrinsic sources. Thus, we labelled this factor as independent and extrinsic sources of well-being. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that there exist two distinct sources of well-being. The one consists of those sources of deriving happiness that fulfils the intrinsic need of the individual and/or the growth and development of the family members. The second source from which an individual may derive the happiness and well-being comprise the personal growth and prosperity and/or fulfilment of the extrinsic need. Given the pattern of differences in the cultural values and mandates of the individualistic and collectivistic nations, it appears that the first source of well-being (interdependent and intrinsic source) is more a characteristic of the collectivistic culture and the second (independent and extrinsic sources) that of the individualistic culture. For, example, in the collectivistic oriental culture there is a strong belief that the happiness and satisfaction is not external to an individual rather it resides within the individual. To examine the validity of the dual sources of well-being we examined the correlation of these sources with the measures of independent and interdependent self. The correlations are displayed in Table 2. Table 2 The relationship of independent and interdependent self with dual source of well being Independent self Interdependent self Independent source of well being 381** 214** Interdependent source of well being ** The obtained pattern of correlations suggest that those who view themselves as interdependent place greater importance to both sources of well-being whereas independent individuals give significantly greater importance to independent sources of well-being but not to interdependent sources of well-being. This differential pattern of correlation of the dual sources of well-being with culturally construed dual self-process provide some support to the validity and existence of culturally determined and differential sources of deriving happiness and well-being. Despite, the encouraging evidence that there exist two distinct sources of well-being and these dual sources may reflect the values and mandates of the dual culture of collectivism and individualism, it would be premature to attribute the observed distinction in the sources of wellbeing to cultural differences. Cross-cultural studies focusing on cross-nation differences in future should be conducted to establish that these dual sources of well-being reflect differences in cultural value pattern. Further, there is also a need to extend this type of study by including some other independent/ interdependent as well as intrinsic/extrinsic sources of well-being.
7 Culturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being 31 References: Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., and Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bond, M. H., Leung, K., and Wan, K. C. (1982). The social impact of self-effacing attributions: The Chinese case. Journal of Social Psychology, 118, Cahoone, N. (1996). History of the Western mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. De Vos, G. A. (1985). Dimensions of the self in Japanese culture. In A. J. Marsella, G. De Vos, and F. L. K. Hsu (Eds.), Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives (pp ). New York: Tavistock. Diener, E., and Suh, E. M. (2000). Culture and subjective well-being. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hsu, F. L. K. (1948). Under the ancestor s shadow: Chinese culture and personality. New York: Columbia University Press. Ingersoll, F. and Ingersoll, J. (1987). Both a borrower and a lender be: Ethnography, oral history, and grounded theory, Oral History Review 15, Ingersoll, J. (1985). Are they better off? Social well-being as a framework for judging development results. Paper presented at the Society for Economic Anthropology, Warrenton, VA. Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Saengtienchai, C., Kespichayawattana, J., and Aungsuroch, Y. (2001). Psychological well-being Asian style: The perspective of Thai elders. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 16, Kitayama, S. (2002). Cultural and basic psychological processes--- towards a system view of culture: Comment on Oyserman et. al., (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, Kitayama, S., and Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E. Diener and E. M. Suh, (Eds.) Culture and subjective well-being, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Leung, M. (1997). Negotiation and reward allocation across cultures. In P. C. Earley and M. Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial and organizational psychology (pp ). San Francisco: Lexington. Lewis, C. C. (1995). Educating hearts and minds. New York: Cambridge University Press. Markus, H., and Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, Markus, H. R., and Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behaviour. In S. Kitayama and H.R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence, pp Washington, Dc: American Psychological Association. Scollon, C. N., Oishi, S., Deiner, E. and Deiner, B. R. (2004). Emotions across cultures and methods. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35, Singelis, M., Bond, M. H., Sharkey, W. F., and Lai, C. S. Y. (1999). Unpacking culture s influence on self-esteem and embarrassability. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, Spindler, G. D., and Spindler, L. S. (1990). American mainstream culture. In G. D. Spindler and L. S. Spindler (Eds.), The American cultural dialogue and its transmission (pp ). New York: Falmer Press. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, Uno, T. (1991). Chinese ideology. (H. Park, Trans.). Seoul, South Korea: Daewon.
Psychological Experience of Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Function of Manipulated Source of Conflict and Individual Difference in Self-Construal
Seoul Journal of Business Volume 11, Number 1 (June 2005) Psychological Experience of Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Function of Manipulated Source of Conflict and Individual Difference in Self-Construal
More informationExpressions of the Self in Individualistic vs. Collective Cultures: a cross-cultural-perspective teaching module
Psychology Learning and Teaching Volume 11 Number 3 2012 www.wwwords.co.uk/plat Expressions of the Self in Individualistic vs. Collective Cultures: a cross-cultural-perspective teaching module BERNARDO
More informationThis article was originally published in a journal published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author s benefit and for the benefit of the author s institution, for non-commercial
More informationRunning Head: SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING 1
Running Head: SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING 1 Does Cultural Differences in Emotion Impact how People Rate their Subjective Well-Being? A Literature Review Aimee C. Cross Grenfell Campus, Memorial University SUBJECTIVE
More informationMotivation CHAPTER FIFTEEN INTRODUCTION DETAILED LECTURE OUTLINE
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Motivation INTRODUCTION Many of us have unrealized abilities. Some of us could run marathons, others could write novels, and still others could get straight A s in management classes. But
More informationORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY MA 204-1
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE SUBJECT At the end of the course, students will examine the principles of organizational psychology; apply them within companies; critically reflect emotional behavior within
More informationCulture and Social Behavior, Self and Identity. Chapter 13. Defining the Concept of Self CULTURE AND THE CONCEPT OF SELF
Outline Culture and Social Behavior, Self and Identity Chapter 13 Culture and the Concept of Self-Concept Cultural Differences in Self-Concept Culture and Identity Self-Esteem and Self-Enhancement Culture
More informationWho is happy and why? Subjective well-being and associated thinking styles of US and Canadian students.
Who is happy and why? Subjective well-being and associated thinking styles of US and Canadian students. Cheryl A. Boglarsky, Human Synergistics International, Michigan, USA Catherine T. Kwantes, University
More informationBasic Needs and Well-Being: A Self-Determination Theory View
Suggested APA style reference: Lynch, M. (2010). Basic needs and well-being: A self-determination theory view. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas10/article_70.pdf Article 70 Basic
More informationWHAT IS SELF? MODULE-IV OBJECTIVES 16.1 CONCEPT OF SELF. What is Self? Self and Personality. Notes
What is Self? MODULE-IV 16 WHAT IS SELF? Self is focus of our everyday behaviour and all of us do have a set of perceptions and beliefs about ourselves. This kind of self concept plays important role in
More informationRelationships among Self-Construal, Goal Motives, and Goal Outcomes and the Moderating Effects of Culture
Eastern Kentucky University Encompass Online Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship January 2013 Relationships among Self-Construal, Goal Motives, and Goal Outcomes and the Moderating Effects of
More informationEmotion regulation and well-being among Puerto Ricans and European Americans
Emotion regulation and well-being among Puerto Ricans and European Americans Arielle Riutort, McNair Scholar The Pennsylvania State University McNair Faculty Research Advisor: Jose A. Soto, Ph.D Assistant
More informationJob stress, psychological empowerment, and job satisfaction among the IT employees in Coimbatore
2015; 1(8): 126-131 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2015; 1(8): 126-131 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 13-05-2015 Accepted: 16-06-2015 Deepa J Assistant Professor,
More informationA TEST OF SHARKEY AND SINGELIS (1995) MODEL OF SELF-CONSTRUAL AND EMBARRASSABILITY: SITUATIONAL VERSUS DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS 1
A TEST OF SHARKEY AND SINGELIS (1995) MODEL / G. H. J. KRUGER A TEST OF SHARKEY AND SINGELIS (1995) MODEL OF SELF-CONSTRUAL AND EMBARRASSABILITY: SITUATIONAL VERSUS DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS 1 GERT H. J. KRUGER
More informationSelf-Related and Other-Related Pathways to Subjective Well-Being in Japan and the United States
J Happiness Stud (2014) 15:995 1014 DOI 10.1007/s10902-013-9460-9 RESEARCH PAPER Self-Related and Other-Related Pathways to Subjective Well-Being in Japan and the United States Sheida Novin Ivy F. Tso
More informationSHORT NOTES I or we : Family socialization values in a national probability sample in Taiwan
Asian Journal of Social Psychology Asian Journal of Social Psychology (2009), 12, 145 150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.01276.x SHORT NOTES I or we : Family socialization values in a national probability
More informationInternational Core Journal of Engineering Vol.3 No ISSN:
The Status of College Counselors' Subjective Well-being and Its Influence on the Occupational Commitment : An Empirical Research based on SPSS Statistical Analysis Wenping Peng Department of Social Sciences,
More informationQuestioning the utility of self efficacy measurements for Indians
Questioning the utility of self efficacy measurements for Indians Purva J. Rushi This study examined the influence of academic self-efficacy and social support on the academic success of Indian-American
More informationTTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Emotional Intelligence Version
TTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Emotional Intelligence Version "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse Henry Stein 7-31-2008 Copyright 2004-2008. Target Training International,
More informationDefinitions of Indicators
Definitions of Indicators Indicator Definition Individual Level Community Level Structural Level Happiness Veenhoven (1995) defined happiness or life satisfaction as the degree to which one judges the
More informationEffectiveness of Parent Occupation on Mental Health, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Well-Being among College Students
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 2, Issue 4, DIP: B00368V2I42015 http://www.ijip.in July September, 2015 Effectiveness of Parent Occupation on
More informationPoster Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. Toronto, August Running Head: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Cross-Cultural Perspective 1 Poster Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association Toronto, August 2003 Running Head: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Looking for Love: A Cross-Cultural
More informationThe validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the relational-interdependent self-construal scale
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 5 (2010) 579 584 WCPCG-2010 The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the relational-interdependent self-construal
More informationWORK VALUE AS MOTIVATIO AMO G SOFTWARE PROFESSIO ALS
WORK VALUE AS MOTIVATIO AMO G SOFTWARE PROFESSIO ALS 1 WORK VALUE AS MOTIVATIO AMO G SOFTWARE PROFESSIO ALS D. V. Nithyanandan Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Periyar University Salem-636
More informationCharacter Education Map at a Glance Enduring Understandings
Character Education Map at a Glance s How a person thinks, cares, and feels influences their choices. Learning Targets K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 understand the difference between chance and choice understand
More informationHuman Motivation and Emotion
Human Motivation and Emotion 46-332-01 Dr. Fuschia Sirois Lectures 22 Nov. 28 2006 Perceived Control Expectations about desired outcomes resulting from interactions with the environment 1. Must perceive
More informationPersonal Talent Skills Inventory
Personal Talent Skills Inventory Sales Version Inside Sales Sample Co. 5-30-2013 Introduction Research suggests that the most effective people are those who understand themselves, both their strengths
More informationVersion The trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) model successfully integrates and extends EIrelated
Version 1.50 The trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) model successfully integrates and extends EIrelated ideas in a general framework that incorporates 15 specific facets. Adaptability Emotion control
More informationCULTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF HAPPINESS: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
YUKIKO UCHIDA, VINAI NORASAKKUNKIT and SHINOBU KITAYAMA CULTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF HAPPINESS: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ABSTRACT. In a review of recent cross-cultural evidence on happiness and well-being,
More informationPerceived Fairness of Pay: The Importance of Task versus Maintenance Inputs in Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Leadership Institute Faculty Publications Leadership Institute 2010 Perceived Fairness of Pay: The Importance of Task versus
More informationCHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.0.0 INTRODUCTION The details about introduction, rationale of the present study, statement of the problem objectives of the study, hypotheses of the study, delimitation
More informationEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE TEST-R
We thank you for taking the test and for your support and participation. Your report is presented in multiple sections as given below: Menu Indicators Indicators specific to the test Personalized analysis
More informationTTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Coaching Report
TTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Coaching Report "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse Mason Roberts District Manager YMCA 8-1-2008 Copyright 2003-2008. Performance
More informationThe Impact of Culture on Consumers Perceptions of Service Recovery Efforts
The Impact of Culture on Consumers Perceptions of Service Recovery Efforts Anna S. Mattila, Pennsylvania State University And Paul Patterson University of Southern Wales, Australia Dissatisfaction with
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION VOLUME: 1 ARTICLE NUMBER: 0056 Online Supplement On the benefits of explaining herd immunity in vaccine advocacy Cornelia Betsch
More informationRunning head: HEDONISM AND HAPPINESS 1. Individualism as the Moderator of the Relationship between Hedonism and Happiness: A. Study in 19 Nations
Running head: HEDONISM AND HAPPINESS 1 Individualism as the Moderator of the Relationship between Hedonism and Happiness: A Study in 19 Nations Running head: HEDONISM AND HAPPINESS 2 Abstract We hypothesize
More informationPSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Research Article
Research Article A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF AVOIDANCE (RELATIVE TO APPROACH) PERSONAL GOALS Andrew J. Elliot, 1 Valary I. Chirkov, 1 Youngmee Kim, 1 and Kennon M. Sheldon 2 1 University of Rochester
More informationPYSC 224 Introduction to Experimental Psychology
PYSC 224 Introduction to Experimental Psychology Session 7 Personality and Culture Lecturer:, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information: mamankwah-poku@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationSophie Kennedy ES4007 (001) S Outline the main ideas about self esteem/self concept e.g. where it comes from, what it means,
Outline the main ideas about self esteem/self concept e.g. where it comes from, what it means, how it affects us, how it develops and summarise the relevance to an educational context Self-concept and
More informationTAT INTERPERSONAL DECENTERING AND SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING. James Nixon, B.S. Sharon Rae Jenkins, Ph. D. Brenton LaBrie, B.A.
TAT INTERPERSONAL DECENTERING AND SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING James Nixon, B.S. Sharon Rae Jenkins, Ph. D. Brenton LaBrie, B.A. Abstract This study examined social understanding, defined as better attention to
More informationType of Education, Locus of Control and Optimistic - Pessimistic. Attitude among Undergraduate College Students
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 2, Issue 4, DIP: B00352V2I42015 http://www.ijip.in July September, 2015 Type of Education, Locus of Control
More informationUsing Self-Construal to Promote Intercultural Harmony in the Workplace
University of Portland Pilot Scholars Communication Studies Undergraduate Publications, Presentations and Projects Communication Studies 2008 Using Self-Construal to Promote Intercultural Harmony in the
More informationSubjective Well-Being Across Cultures
Unit 10 Health/Clinical Psychology and Culture Subunit 1 Health and Well-being Across Cultures Article 1 8-1-2002 Subjective Well-Being Across Cultures Eunkook M. Suh University of California, Irvine,
More informationManagement Science Letters
Management Science Letters 2 (2012) 2071 2076 Contents lists available at GrowingScience Management Science Letters homepage: www.growingscience.com/msl A comparative study on emotional intelligence and
More informationZIVA KUNDA. Updated July University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 3G1 (519) ext
ZIVA KUNDA Updated July 2003 OFFICE ADDRESS: Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 3G1 (519) 888-4567 ext. 2878 Email: zkunda@watarts.uwaterloo.ca EDUCATION: Ph.D. l985 University of Michigan. M.A. 1985 University
More informationTHE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ATTRIBUTE INDEX
THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ATTRIBUTE INDEX "He who knows others is learned He who knows himself is wise" Lao Tse Jerry Doe Financial Analyst XYZ Corporation 7-11-2003 THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ATTRIBUTE
More informationLocus of Control and Psychological Well-Being: Separating the Measurement of Internal and External Constructs -- A Pilot Study
Eastern Kentucky University Encompass EKU Libraries Research Award for Undergraduates 2014 Locus of Control and Psychological Well-Being: Separating the Measurement of Internal and External Constructs
More informationThe Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal, Self-Concept Consistency, and Well-Being
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 85, No. 5, 933 944 0022-3514/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.933 The Relational-Interdependent
More informationHANDOUTS UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE. HIV and AIDS Voluntary Counselling and Testing MODULE 1.
HANDOUTS UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE HIV and AIDS Voluntary Counselling and Testing MODULE 1 Self-Awareness National AIDS Control Programme February 2008 MODULE 1
More informationDevelopment of Positive Psychology: Contributions from Traditional Psychological Disciplines
Development of Positive Psychology: Contributions from Traditional Psychological Disciplines Canadian Conference on Positive Psychology June 17, 2016 Weiting Ng What is positive ology? Positive Psychology
More informationSELF PERCEPTIONS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN FIJI : ETHNIC COMPARISONS
SELF PERCEPTIONS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN FIJI : ETHNIC COMPARISONS Nand Kishor INTRODUCTION Self-concept, or the total private collection attitudes which an individual has with respect to his worth as a person,
More informationFinding Cultural Differences and Motivation Factors of Foreign Construction Workers
Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 2015, 3, 35-46 Published Online June 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jbcpr http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2015.32005 Finding Cultural
More informationFear of Happiness - By Hazal Muhtar Faculty Advisor: Dr. Patricia M. Rodriguez Mosquera
Fear of Happiness - Exploring Happiness in Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures By Hazal Muhtar Faculty Advisor: Dr. Patricia M. Rodriguez Mosquera A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Wesleyan
More informationINTERDEPENDENCE AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN CULTURE AND INTERPERSONAL CLOSENESS FOR EURO-CANADIANS AND TURKS
JOURNAL Uskul 10.1177/0022022103262243 et al. OF / CULTURE, CROSS-CULTURAL CLOSENESS, PSYCHOLOGY AND INTERDEPENDENCE ARTICLE INTERDEPENDENCE AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN CULTURE AND INTERPERSONAL CLOSENESS FOR
More informationA study of association between demographic factor income and emotional intelligence
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. V, Issue 1/ April 2017 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) A study of association between demographic factor income and emotional
More informationThe relation between self-efficacy and feedback perception and between feedback and intrinsic motivation
Running head: SELF-EFFICACY, FEEDBACK PERCEPTION AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION The relation between self-efficacy and feedback perception and between feedback and intrinsic motivation Group 16 Lindy Wijsman
More informationTHE STRUCTURE AND MEASUREMENT OF SELF-CONSTRUALS: A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY OF THE SELF-CONSTRUAL SCALE LILIA GABRIELA MIRAMONTES
THE STRUCTURE AND MEASUREMENT OF SELF-CONSTRUALS: A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY OF THE SELF-CONSTRUAL SCALE By LILIA GABRIELA MIRAMONTES A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
More informationCultural differences in life satisfaction have been well
10.1177/0146167203255986 PERSONALITY Kang et al. / CULTURE, AND SOCIAL EMOTION, PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE BULLETIN SATISFACTION Culture-Specific Patterns in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction: Roles of Emotion,
More informationCHAPTER 6 BASIS MOTIVATION CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 6 BASIS MOTIVATION CONCEPTS WHAT IS MOTIVATION? "Maybe the place to begin is to say what motivation isn't. Many people incorrectly view motivation as a personal trait that is, some have it and
More informationSTUDY ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM, COPING AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN A GROUP OF YOUNG ADULTS: A BRIEF REPORT
STUDY ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM, COPING AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN A GROUP OF YOUNG ADULTS: A BRIEF REPORT Giulia Savarese, PhD Luna Carpinelli, MA Oreste Fasano, PhD Monica Mollo, PhD Nadia
More informationSUMMARY. Inspite of the expenditure worth crores, on campaigns for smaller family, by
114 SUMMARY Inspite of the expenditure worth crores, on campaigns for smaller family, by the various Govt, agencies, population has mcreased dramatically. At the same time due to increased urbanization,
More informationHuman Motivation and Emotion
Human Motivation and Emotion 46-332-01 Dr. Fuschia Sirois Lecture 7 Sept. 28, 2006 Lecture 8 Oct. 3, 2006 Types of Motivation INTRINSIC strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest
More informationValidation of Intercultural Sensitivity Measure Individualism Collectivism
Validation of Intercultural Sensitivity Measure Individualism Collectivism Mark Comadena Illinois State University Catherine Konsky Illinois State University Suraj Kapoor Illinois State University Janet
More informationSELF and CULTURE What type of change?
SELF and CULTURE What type of change? Cigdem Kagitcibasi Koç University Turkish Academy of Sciences Panel on The New Emerging Markets (Beyond BRIC): Managing Global Brands and Consumers Koc University,
More informationBarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory. Resource Report. John Morris. Name: ID: Admin. Date: December 15, 2010 (Online) 17 Minutes 22 Seconds
BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory By Reuven Bar-On, Ph.D. Resource Report Name: ID: Admin. Date: Duration: John Morris December 15, 2010 (Online) 17 Minutes 22 Seconds Copyright 2002 Multi-Health Systems
More informationTeacher satisfaction: some practical implications for teacher professional development models
Teacher satisfaction: some practical implications for teacher professional development models Graça Maria dos Santos Seco Lecturer in the Institute of Education, Leiria Polytechnic, Portugal. Email: gracaseco@netvisao.pt;
More informationValidation of Intercultural Sensitivity Measure Individualism Collectivism
Validation of Intercultural Sensitivity Measure Individualism Mark Comadena Illinois State University Catherine Konsky Illinois State University Suraj Kapoor Illinois State University Janet Blue Illinois
More informationGuru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences
Volume 4 Issue 3 & 4 (July Dec, 2016) ISSN: 2320-9038 www.gjbss.org Work Engagement in relation to Psychological Well-Being and Motivation at Work Vijayakumari, K*., and Vrinda, K. C** *Associate Professor,
More informationMidwest University. Global Perspective Inventory Study Abroad Form Report
Global Perspective Inventory Study Abroad Form Report March, 9 27 2 Introduction Thank you for participating in the Global Perspective Inventory (GPI). The Research Institute for Studies in Education (RISE)
More informationPsychological needs. Motivation & Emotion. Psychological needs & implicit motives. Reading: Reeve (2015) Ch 6
Motivation & Emotion Psychological needs & implicit motives Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2016 Image source 1 Psychological needs Reading: Reeve (2015) Ch 6 3 Psychological
More informationRelational motivation and well-being: A cross-cultural comparison
bs_bs_banner Japanese Psychological Research 2014, Volume 56, No. 4, 320 330 doi: 10.1111/jpr.12056 Relational motivation and well-being: A cross-cultural comparison LYNA YI and JONATHAN S. GORE* Eastern
More informationReports of Emotional Expression and Control in. Indian and American College Students
Reports of Emotional Expression and Control in Indian and American College Students ` A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 114 ( 2014 ) th World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 114 ( 2014 ) 222 228 4th World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance Locus of control and
More informationThe State of the Art in Indicator Research
International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS) The State of the Art in Indicator Research Filomena Maggino filomena.maggino@unifi.it The State of the Art in Indicator Research I 1. Developing
More informationThe Reliability and Validity of the Adolescent Subjective Well-Being Scale in Japan
International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2014, 4(3): 87-91 DOI: 10.5923/j.ijpbs.20140403.01 The Reliability and Validity of the Adolescent Subjective Well-Being Scale in Japan Watanabe
More informationChapter 13. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 13 Motivation and Emotion Motivation Motive- stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal. Cannot be seen or measured directly Needs-Condition in which
More informationA Study of Life Satisfaction and Optimism in Relation to Psychological Well-Being Among Working and Non Working Women
A Study of Life Satisfaction and Optimism in Relation to Psychological Well-Being Among Working and Non Working Women [1] Dr. Fareeda Shaheen Abstract: Purpose of the present investigation was to study
More informationPsychological needs. Motivation & Emotion. Psychological & social needs. Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 6
Motivation & Emotion Psychological & social needs Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2013 Image source 1 Psychological needs Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 6 3 Psychological
More informationRelationship of Stress Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Students
IPA International Journal of Psychology Vol. 8, No. 1, Winter & Spring 2014 PP. 156-165 Iranian Psychological Association Relationship of Stress Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Students Bahman
More informationConstructing a Three-Part Instrument for Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Learning Behavior
Constructing a Three-Part Instrument for Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Learning Behavior Mali Praditsang School of Education & Modern Language, College of Art & Sciences, Universiti Utara
More informationTHE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING
THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING ElenaSpirovska Tevdovska South East European University, e.spirovska@seeu.edu.mk DOI: 10.1515/seeur-2017-0009 Abstract
More informationPSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXECUTIVES OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS OF JAMMU CITY
GJBM ISSN: 0973-8533 Vol. 2 No. 1, June 2008 Psychological Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Executives of Government... PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXECUTIVES OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE
More informationTHE CUSTOMER SERVICE ATTRIBUTE INDEX
THE CUSTOMER SERVICE ATTRIBUTE INDEX Jane Doe Customer Service XYZ Corporation 7-22-2003 CRITICAL SUCCESS ATTRIBUTES ATTITUDE TOWARD OTHERS: To what extent does Jane tend to maintain a positive, open and
More informationMidwest University. Global Perspective Inventory New Student Report
Global Perspective Inventory New Student Report March 9, 7 Introduction Thank you for participating in the Global Perspective Inventory (GPI). The Research Institute for Studies in Education (RISE) at
More informationReflect on the Types of Organizational Structures. Hierarch of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) Hierarchy of Needs
Reflect on the Types of Organizational Structures 1 Hierarch of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) Self- Actualization or Self- Fulfillment Esteem Belonging, Love, and Social Activities Safety and Security Psychological
More informationA Hierarchical Comparison on Influence Paths from Cognitive & Emotional Trust to Proactive Behavior Between China and Japan
A Hierarchical Comparison on Influence Paths from Cognitive & Emotional Trust to Proactive Behavior Between China and Japan Pei Liu School of Management and Economics, North China Zhen Li Data Science
More informationSOCIO-CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF: EFFECTS OF VOLUNTARY SETTLEMENT, PUBLIC SELF-PRESENTATION, AND CULTURAL NORMS FOR PUBLIC BEHAVIOR
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF: EFFECTS OF VOLUNTARY SETTLEMENT, PUBLIC SELF-PRESENTATION, AND CULTURAL NORMS FOR PUBLIC BEHAVIOR by Hyekyung Park A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
More informationEffects of Self-Construal Differences on Cognitive Dissonance Examined by Priming the Independent and Interdependent Self
521434SGOXXX10.1177/2158244014521434SAGE OpenLee and Jeyaraj research-article2014 Article Effects of Self-Construal Differences on Cognitive Dissonance Examined by Priming the Independent and Interdependent
More informationUnited States Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association PRINCIPLES OF MULTICULTURAL PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION SERVICES Executive Summary
United States Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association PRINCIPLES OF MULTICULTURAL PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION SERVICES Executive Summary USPRA recognizes the striking disparities in mental health care found
More informationTexas A&M University Texarkana. Global Perspective Inventory General Form Report
Global Perspective Inventory General Form Report April Introduction Thank you for participating in the Global Perspective Inventory (GPI). The Research Institute for Studies in Education (RISE) at Iowa
More informationJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.625, ISSN: , Volume 3, Issue 8, September 2015
ASSESSMENT OF SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING AND BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH READING SCRIPTURES AMONG ADULTS FARHAT JAHAN* AKBAR HUSAIN** * Research Scholar, Dept. of Psychology, A.M.U. Aligarh, India ** Professor,
More informationAn International Study of the Reliability and Validity of Leadership/Impact (L/I)
An International Study of the Reliability and Validity of Leadership/Impact (L/I) Janet L. Szumal, Ph.D. Human Synergistics/Center for Applied Research, Inc. Contents Introduction...3 Overview of L/I...5
More informationConcept of Research-Analysis-Innovation/Implementation (RAI) Foundation Lecture Series Dr. Fuad Hameed Rai Fellow GFMER Geneva, Switzerland; Member of College of Physicians & Surgeons; Social Enterprise
More informationNeff, K. D., & Lamb, L. M. (2009). Self-Compassion. In S. Lopez (Ed.), The. Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology (pp ). Blackwell Publishing.
Neff, K. D., & Lamb, L. M. (2009). Self-Compassion. In S. Lopez (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology (pp. 864-867). Blackwell Publishing. Self-Compassion Self-compassion is an open-hearted way
More informationIndividual Development Report: Tom Brown
Individual Development Report: Tom Brown ALIGNMENT WITH ASSESSORS Values Matches: 6 5+: Many of your values are coming across effectively. You walk your talk and demonstrate authenticity in these areas.
More informationPersonality and beliefs about the world revisited: Expanding the nomological network of social axioms
Personality and Individual Differences 41 (2006) 201 211 www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Personality and beliefs about the world revisited: Expanding the nomological network of social axioms Sylvia Xiaohua
More informationModule Who am I? Who are you? Lesson 4 Tutorial
Slide - Defining Worldview How we interpret the world individual experiences cultural experiences Beliefs Values Attitudes Slide Table of Contents Emic and Etic perspectives Individualism and Collectivism
More informationThe Mediating Role of Parental Expectations in Culture and Well-Being
The Mediating Role of Parental Expectations in Culture and Well-Being Shigehiro Oishi University of Virginia Helen W. Sullivan University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus ABSTRACT In two studies, we examined
More informationLinking Locus of Control with Demographic Attributes: An Empirical Study on Defence Manufacturing Company in Bangalore, India
Research Journal of Management Sciences ISSN 2319 1171 Linking Locus of Control with Demographic Attributes: An Empirical Study on Defence Manufacturing Company in Bangalore, India Abstract Choudhary Nita
More informationPsychocultural Factors of Subjective Well-Being* Eunkook M.Suh Department of Psychology University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
1 Psychocultural Factors of Subjective Well-Being* Eunkook M.Suh Department of Psychology University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Poster presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Convention,
More information