Chapter 13. Motivation and Emotion

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Motivation and Emotion

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3 Motivation Motive- stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal. Cannot be seen or measured directly Needs-Condition in which we require something we lack Biological ( Ex. Oxygen) Psychological- achievement, self esteem, and sense of belonging Psychological needs may be learned Psychological needs are not necessarily based on deprivation

4 Drives Drives are the forces that motivate an organism to take action.

5 Behavior patterns that are genetically transmitted from generation to generation are known as instincts. Sometimes they are called fixedaction patterns. Instinct Theory

6 Animals (many) are born to act in certain ways in certain situations. People have instincts that foster survival and social behavior. According to theorists, human behavior is not primarily motivated by Instinct Theory

7 Drive Reduction Theory Based on learning as well as motivation. People and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. They learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive, such as eating to reduce their hunger drive.

8 Drive Reduction Theory Basic drives motivate us to restore an internal state of equilibrium. Homeostasis - maintains a state of equilibrium in the body.

9 Humanistic Theory Behavior is mechanical and directed only toward surviving and reducing tension. People are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment.

10 Humanistic Theory Our dive to fulfill such needs outweighs our drive to fulfill more basic needs Abraham Maslow (humanistic theorist) some people are willing to tolerate pain, hunger and other kinds of tension to achieve their artistic or political goals.

11 Self Actualization Refers to the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) is ranking items in order of importance

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13 Sociocultural Theory Theorizes that if basic drives such as hunger are inborn, cultural experience and factors influence the behavior that people use to satisfy those drives.

14 Hunger Drive Chewing and swallowing help satisfy hunger drive

15 Sham feeding Dogs were given implants in their throats so that food that they swallowed was dropped out of their bodies, instead of moving to their stomachs. The dogs stopped feeding after a brief period. Conclusion; chewing an swallowing apparently help reduce feelings of hunger in animals as well as in people.

16 The Stomach People without stomach will experience hunger Stomach pain plays a role, but pains in stomach are not the main factor of the feeling of hunger.

17 The Hypothalamus Key influence on feelings of hunger, along with levels of sugar in the blood stream Also, regulating of body temperature and various aspects of psychological motivation and emotions Effectively manipulating the hypothalamus surgically can cause the subject to stop eating or overeat

18 Researchers have discovered that a part of the hypothalamus, called the ventromidial hypothalamus (VMH), serves as a stop eating center. They destroyed the VMH in the rat on the left.

19 Psychological influences of hunger Eat more when wit others, less when alone Food as a reward (especially to children)

20 Obesity Defined as weighing more that 30% above one s recommended weight

21 Physical consequenceheart disease, diabetes, gout, respiratory problems, and cancer. (certain types) Obesity

22 Obesity Social Consequence- less popular and less successful than people who are not obese.

23 Losing Weight Teenagers should use precautions (nutrients are essential for growing years) Teenagers should consult a professional Change of lifestyle would be more effective (not fad diets or one type of food) Nutrition and exercise

24 Nutrition Maintain or manage food consumption in order to take in fewer calories, which is the most direct path to weight reduction for most people. Not just smaller portions Lower calorie foods Fruits and veggies (fresh) Cutting out butter, margarine, oils, (sat. fat) and sugars

25 Causes of Obesity Runs in families Setting an example by eating large amounts etc. Genetics (no stop gene may be a link to families of obese people) Genes that determine the number of fat cells Metabolism of food (fat burns slower, muscle burns faster)

26 Psychological factors in obesity Stress of dieting will cause people to eat more.

27 Psychological Needs Stimulus motives- The sensory stimulation and manipulation of the environment. Human beings and other organisms that are motivated to explore and manipulate their environment are more likely to survive.

28 Stimulus Motives Sensory Deprivation is the absence of stimulation

29 Stimulus Motives Desire for Sensory Stimulation

30 Exploration and Manipulation People are motivated to explore things around them Once satisfied they seek novel experiences Monkey/gadgets; babies/busy boxes

31 Achievement Motivation Tackling challenging situation and to meet high personal standards of success Work on problems and enjoy it Higher grades (because you want to) Research shows that people with high achievement enjoy personal challenges and are willing to take moderate risks to achieve their goals.

32 Types of Goals: Performance goals-specific goals such as gaining admission to college, earning the approval of parents or teachers or simply avoiding criticism. An achievement motivated by a concrete, specific goal as a reward. Like winning a science Scholarship you applied For.

33 Types of Goals: Learning Goals- achievement that is motivated by the desire to expand one s knowledge and skills. Sometimes considered- learning for learning s sake

34 Types of Goals: Extrinsic rewardssomething external given in response to the attainment of a goal.

35 Types of Goals: Intrinsic reward- an internal reward such as one s self satisfaction.

36 Development of Achievement Motivation Parents/Caregivers play a crucial role Encouragement Making Schoolwork enjoyable Find ways to solve problems Reward System Generous with praise, less critical when doing poorly Personal standards of children, themselves

37 Making things fit: Reducing stimulation or tension (especially on interactions with other people) Based on people s need to maintain a balance between their personal beliefs, actions, and thoughts.

38 Cognitive Consistency State in which a person s thoughts and behaviors match his or her beliefs and the expectations of others Ex. A person who was politically liberal would find it difficult to support a conservative candidate.

39 Cognitive Consistency There are two theories on Cognitive Consistency. Balance Theory- the view that people have a need to organize their perceptions, opinions and beliefs in a manner that is in in harmony with those of the people around them.

40 Cognitive Consistency For Example: Religion Imbalance- a state in which people who have strong feelings about each other disagree on a major issue.

41 Cognitive Consistency Nonbalanceconditions in which people that dislike each other feel indifferent if they disagree.

42 Cognitive Dissonance Theory People make attitudinal changes to reduce the tension that occurs when their thoughts and attitudes are inconsistent with their actions.

43 Affiliation The desire to join with others and be part of something larger than oneself. Strongest during adolescence, too strong can be a sign of anxiety.

44 Emotions are states of feeling. The Nature of Emotions: Three Psychologists: John B. Watson believe that there were three instinctive emotions; fear, rage, and love Emotions

45 Emotions Katherine Bridges said there was one inborn basic emotion; General Excitement

46 Emotions Carroll Izard believed that all the emotions that people experience are present ant distinct at birth. They do not all show up at once. They emerge as the child develops.

47 Two important emotions to all people are: Happiness Anger Emotions

48 Opponent Process Theory Emotions often come in pairs with one emotion being followed by its opposite

49 Commonsense Approach When something happens to a person in a certain situation, the person quickly interprets the situation. The interpretation triggers body sensation that signals a feeling or emotion

50 James Lange Theory People s emotions follow, rather than cause, their behavioral reactions to their situations. Pele act first then react emotionally accord to the way they acted. A person rationalizes that because he/she is crying, he/she must be sad

51 Cannon Bard Theory A situation triggers an external stimulus that is processed by the brain. Then brain then stimulates bodily changes and cognitive activity the experience of the emotion) STIMULUS (Bear) EMOTION (Fear) REACTION/RESPONSE (Run Away!)

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53 Cognitive Appraisal All emotions have basically similar bodily response patterns. The body reacts in physically similar ways even though different emotions are being experienced. The way people view a situation, determine their emotional response.

54 Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotions Emotion as having two components (factors): physiological arousal and cognition. Event ==> arousal ==> reasoning ==> emotion Dutton and Aron (1974) had an attractive woman ask for interviews of young men both on a swaying rope bridge, 200 ft above a river, and also on the ground. A part way through the interview, she gives them her phone number. Over 60% from the rope bridge called her back, versus 30% from ground. They had interpreted their arousal from fear on the bridge as attraction to the woman.

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