Learning Ashrakat & Roukaya. For reference open pages 50-57
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1 Learning Ashrakat & Roukaya For reference open pages 50-57
2 Learning Objectives 1. What learning is 2. the different types of learning 3. Learn about each type a. Conditioned Learning (Classical & Operant) 1. How is was discovered 2. What is it 3. How it is used b. Observational Learning 1. The different forms of Observational Learning - Attention - Retention -Reproduction -Motivation
3 What is Learning? The definition of learning according to psychologists is a change in knowledge or behavior as a result of experience. Your thoughts and behavior are results of learning. You learn the most in the first few years of your life.
4 Techniques of Learning We can learn at school but we learn more in our daily lives. Difficult skills are learnt during kindergarten such as walking, talking, playing and getting along with others. Different species also learn from their experience such as dogs, cats and chimpanzees other pets can also learn from their tutors. Humans rely on learning and can change their thinking and behaviors to succeed some situations.
5 Innate Drives and Instinctive Reaction Innate drives are things you naturally learn when as soon as you're born, such as breathing for humans and swimming for fish. If we were born without innate drives we would not survive. ex. Imagine a fish being born in the water and not having the ability to swim. Instinctive reactions are linked to innate drives since innate drives is the ability to learn something as you're born and instinctive reactions is doing that action you've learnt without thought. ex. You already know how to breathe due to innate drives, you breath without conscious due to instinctive reactions. Humans really rely on both of these in order to live. It would be so much harder to survive if we had to learn how to breathe, move our hands, and so on.
6 Kinds of Learning Two major types of learning identified by psychologists are: Conditioned Learning Observational Learning
7 Conditioned Learning Conditioning is defined as acquiring certain patterns of behaviors in order to respond to certain environmental events. Two Types of Conditioned Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
8 How was Classical Conditioning Discovered? Classical Conditioning was discovered by accident by Ivan Pavlov. He realized that when he brought food to dogs they started to drool without even tasting the food. Later, the dogs started to drool when they heard Ivan s footsteps come in the room with food. Finally he realized that he can teach the dogs a certain sound for when the food is ready just by repeating it and they would start drooling at its sound.
9 What is Classical Conditioned Learning? Unconditioned Response: automatic, unlearned reaction. Conditioned Response: a learned reaction. US (Unconditioned Stimulus) UR (Unconditioned Response) Food Salvation
10 When he taught the dogs the sound of the bell, it became: US + CS (Conditioned Stimulus) UR The bell (learnt alert for food) When the dogs started to drool over the sound of the bell alone, the formula changed to: CS (Conditioned Stimulus) The bell CR (Conditioned Response) Drooling
11 Learning to Fear You can use classical conditioning to learn a fear, reduce a fear or unlearn a fear in many people. Experiment #1: A baby was put in a room with a rat, the baby showed no fear at all until the experimenter started making a noise and the baby started crying. The fear was created by an unpleasant situation. Experiment #2: A 3-year-old was put in a room with a type of rat that he feared, at a distance the boy was a little scared, when the boy was presented his favorite icecream, he ignored the fear. The day after he was presented more ice cream and the rat came closer and the boy overcame his fear of rats.
12 Video
13 Operant Conditioning Acting in a certain way due to the reward or punishment that was given at a time the action was repeated. Experiment: A rat was put in a cage with a bar that when it was pushed, a pellet of food fell into the plate. The rat started exploring the cage and when he accidentally pushed the bar, a pellet fell, he repeated it again and gained the same results. The rat kept repeating the same action until it was satisfied.
14 How to Use Operant Conditioning Similar with the rat, Operant Conditioning is used in different ways. When a parent finds their son/daughter doing a desired action, they reward them so the action can be repeated. When the children do an undesired action, the children are punished in order to understand not to repeat that. However, rewarding works better on the long term because it tells what is desired, but when the child is punished several times, the punishment does not become such a threat and therefore does not stop doing whats wrong.
15 Observational Learning You learn by watching other people who act as role models observe. There are four processes necessary to observational learning.
16 Forms of observational learning 1. Attention: to learn through observation, you may pay close attention to how others around you behave. Ex. To master a musical instrument or play a certain sport; you listen carefully to those who play it well. 2. Retention: you store a mental illustration of what you perceive into your memory. You note how the person performed the task, what worked well and what results were produced by the behavior.
17 3. Reproduction: you start taking action with you stored memory. You may need to practice to do this well, whether it s playing an instrument or driving a car. 4. Motivation: you must be into the skill to practice it well. You must believe that this certain skill is useful to you. This motivation you get could come from the outside ex. From an event or a person.
18 Effect of Observational Learning on Children Observational learning is very important for children. Most of the skills we do early as children are learned through observation. There are many case studies that proves how observational learning effect children, practically the effect of observed violence.
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