Learning. Learning: The process of acquiring through experience new information or behavior (page 280). There are three basic types of learning
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1 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 1 Learning Learning: The process of acquiring through experience new information or behavior (page 280). There are three basic types of learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning usually involves involuntary responses usually involves voluntary responses Observational Learning Learning by watching others Learning: Learning: The process of acquiring through experience new information or behavior (page 280). Classical Conditioning: A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (page 282).
2 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 2 The Basics of Classical Conditioning Pavlov and the Dogs:
3 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 3
4 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 4 Before Conditioning: examples Food drooling Tuning fork no response Terminology US UR (sometimes written as UCS UCR) Neutral stimulus (NS) no response During Conditioning: examples Food + bell drooling Terminology US + CS UR (sometimes CS is written as NS) After Conditioning: examples bell drooling Terminology CS CR
5 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 5 Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning: A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (page 282). Examples of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov s dogs Advertising That was easy Feeling good (the response) when you hear a song (the stimulus) on the radio that is connected to a special time you ve had. Little Albert fear
6 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 6 That was Easy US UR NS CS CR
7 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 7 Classical Conditioning and Advertising US UR NS CS CR
8 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 8 Classical Conditioning US UR NS CS CR
9 Classical Conditioning LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 9
10 Classical Conditioning LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 10
11 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 11 Elements of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning: A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (page 282). Identify the US, UR, neutral stimulus, CS and CR (1) Before each of his chemotherapy sessions, Allen, a young cancer patient, is given a bowl of ice cream. The chemotherapy makes Allen nauseated. Now just seeing the bowl of ice cream makes him feel queasy. (2) Frank loved to swim in the lake near his house. After swimming in the lake one afternoon, he discovered two big slimy, bloodsucking leeches firmly attached to his leg. He was revolted as he pulled the slimy leeches off his leg. Now every time he passes the lake, he shudders in disgust. (3) Every time two-year-old Jodie heard the doorbell ring she raced to open the front door. On Halloween night, Jodie answered the doorbell and encountered a scary monster with nine flashing eyes. Jodie screamed in fear and ran away. Now Jodie screams and hides whenever the doorbell rings.
12 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 12 Classical Conditioning Using the process of classical conditioning, explain why politicians kiss babies or why beautiful women are often used to promote products. What is the US UR Neutral stimulus CS CR
13 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 13 USPS versus UPS Which one are people more likely to feel better about? Explain your answer
14 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 14 How Can Classical Conditioning Explain the Feeling people have about Haunted Houses? US UR NS CS CR
15 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 15 Classical Conditioning and Visiting the Dentist Most of us don t like going to the dentist, and avoid going to the dentist. Using classical conditioning, figure out and identify the US, UR, NS, CS and CR. Why is knowing about classical conditioning in this situation important?
16 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 16 Phobias and Their Treatment Phobia is an acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation (page 235). Phobias and fears can be explain and treated through classical conditioning. Development of fear and phobias (the basics): People can develop a fear of Tuesdays, dentists, cars, dogs, haunted houses, school, flying, cruise ships, the postman, etc.
17 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 17 Not all fears are acquired equally Phobia disorders An anxiety disorder that is characterized by marked, persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations. The fear response is out of proportion to the stimulus and the fear and avoidance significantly interferes with daily life. About 11% of people in the United States will develop a specific phobia in their lifetime. Generally, phobics realize their fears are irrational, but feel compelled to avoid the feared situation or objects. Specific phobias fall into five categories: (1) animals (dogs, cats, rats, snakes, spiders) (2) natural environments (heights, darkness, water, storms) (3) situations (bridges, elevators, tunnels, enclosed spaces) (4) blood injections and injury (5) other phobias including illness and death.
18 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 18 Fears, Phobias, and the Evolutionary Perspective We are much more acquire (develop) fears of these things, Than these things (and psychologists have tried) The evolutionary perspective suggests that we are biologically more likely to become afraid of objects and situations that have posed a threat to previous generations (eg. snakes, spiders, heights, drowning, etc.). Those that avoided these objects and situations were more likely to survive and pass their genes to their offspring than those who didn t avoid these objects and situations and died. The term for this is biological preparedness.
19 Biological Preparedness LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 19
20 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 20 Treating Phobias Treatment of phobias: counterconditioning and systematic desensitization Counterconditioning: Replace the feared response with a neutral or positive response. Counterconditioning gradually exposes the person to the fearful stimuli in a safe manner and gradually increases the intensity. For those people who were at the Boston Marathon when the bomb exploded, going back and having fun there can counter the fear associated with it.
21 LP 7A intro and Classical conditioning 21 Treating Phobias Systematic desensitization is a procedure in which a phobic person images a very weak form of the frightening CS while relaxing. Generally, there are three basic steps in systematic desensitization. The patient learns progressive relaxation. This involves successively relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved. The behavior therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy which a list of anxiety-providing images are associated with the feared situation
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