These components should be completed BEFORE the experiment:
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1 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
2 STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: These components should be completed BEFORE the experiment: PURPOSE: A clearly stated objective that points out the reason for the experiment. Ex: We want to determine if light effects plant growth. Problem: QUESTION being asked/investigated. Ex: Will light make a plant grow?
3 Preliminary Research: The introduction to the experiment providing general background information needed to understand the experiment. Hypothesis: An educated guess predicting the outcome of the experiment. Should be presented in the If, then. format. Must be TESTABLE Ex: If a plant is watered daily, then it will grow.
4 Materials: List of supplies used to perform the experiment (including safety equipment). Must be DETAILED. Ex: 40w light bulb (don t just say light bulb) Procedure: List of NUMBERED steps followed to perform the experiment (include safety precautions) Must be DETAILED. Think of these as your directions. Ex: Water plant 5 times a day. (Don t just say, water plant)
5 These components are to be completed DURING the experiment. Data: Information collected and compiled during experiment. Usually organized in charts, tables, and graphs. Results: analysis/interpretation of data. Ex: The graph shows that the plant that received water 5 times a day grew much faster than the plant that received no water.
6 These components should be done AT THE COMPLETION of the experiment: Conclusion: Final section of report that makes all of the connections and MUST BE BASED ON DATA. Ex: According to the data, light did make The plant grow more.
7 Scientific Inquiry What is an observation? - Things or events that are made using any of the senses or tools. What is an inference? - Conclusion or deduction based on an observation. Month Length 1 7cm 2 10 cm 3 12 cm 4 14 cm 5 16 cm Ex: A student measured the length of his lizard every month for 5 consecutive months. The data is listed in the chart. -Make one observation from the chart. -Make one inference from the chart.
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9 Interpreting Data from a table or graph: -When asked to explain the relationship between your variables, you MUST mention BOTH variables. (independent/dependent) Ex: Explain the relationship between time in days and number of leaves. -As the time increases the number of leaves also increases.
10 Designing a Controlled Experiment What is a controlled experiment? -An experiment in which all the possible variables (something in an experiment that changes) have been regulated (kept constant) so that the results are due to ONLY the single independent variable being manipulated What is the independent variable? -The variable that is being manipulated by the experimenter and influences the dependent variable. (Cause/Treatment) Ex: The amount of water CAUSED the plant to grow. What is the dependent variable? -The variable that is being measured. (Effect/Data) Ex: The amount of water caused the PLANT TO GROW
11 What is the control? -The established reference point used as a standard of comparison. (You measure against this) -The control NEVER gets the treatment -In an experiment, is important to always use a LARGE SAMPLE SIZE because this gives MORE DATA -The more data you have, the more VALID the experiment When using a lot of test samples, they should be divided into Two separate, but EQUALLY NUMBERED, groups: Control Group- The group that does NOT get the treatment. They serve as the norm and are being measured against. Experimental Group- The group that gets the treatment and is being tested.
12 -The control group and the experimental group should only differ by ONE SINGLE independent variable, all other conditions between the two groups should be the same (constant) -The independent variable can be identified by the treatment that is initially different between the two groups. -The dependent variable can be identified by the data that is being measured/recorded. What are some conditions that may be regulated (kept Constant) in a controlled experiment? -number of subjects in each group -sickness/medical condition -age - height/weight -type of plant -starting height
13 ***In the best controlled experiments, ONLY the independent and dependent variables change. All Other variables are regulated. -The dependent variable changes BECAUSE of the Independent variable. How can you improve the validity of an experiment? 1. Repeat the experiment 2. Increase sample size (use more plants, people, etc.) -When examining data, be aware of the SIGNIFICANCE IN DATA (how close together the numbers are) -If the data is too close together, suggest that the experiment be repeated again
14 Practice: A company tested a new fever medication to see if it stopped a fever for 4 hours before putting it on the commercial market. Pills without medication were given to 5 test subjects in Group A and pills with medication were given to 5 test subjects in Group B. (1) Identify the purpose in this experiment. (2) State a possible hypothesis. (3) Which group is the control group? Why? (4) Which group is the experimental group? Why? (5) What is the independent variable? (6)What is the dependent variable? (7) Identify one way in which the validity of this experiment could be improved.
15 More Practice: You are the head of the research division of the Leafy Lettuce Company. Your company is experimenting with growing lettuce using hydroponic technology. Hydroponic technology involves growing plants in containers of growth solution in a greenhouse. No soil is used. The growth solution that the company uses contains water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The company wants to know if adding iron to this formula will improve lettuce growth. Briefly describe how to test the effect of the formula with iron added. In your description, be sure to: state a hypothesis to be tested in the new experiment state how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group identify two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups state what type of data should be collected to support or refute the hypothesis
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