Visual area MT responds to local motion. Visual area MST responds to optic flow. Visual area STS responds to biological motion.
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1 Visual area responds to local motion MST V3a V3 Visual area MST responds to optic flow MST V3a V3 Visual area STS responds to biological motion STS
2 Macaque visual areas Flattening the brain What is a visual area? PhACT: Physiology Architecture Connections Topography
3 Physiology Example: direction selectivity in V1 Architecture : stripes V1: blobs/puffs : dense Example: cytochrome oxidase staining in human visual cortex Connections Example: connections in monkey visual cortex
4 Topography IPS2 IPS1 V7 V3 V3A/B LO1 LO2 + V4 Each visual brain area contains a map of the visual world and performs a different function. Topography (human V1) lower vertical meridian periphery fovea upper vertical meridian Right visual field Left visual cortex horizontal meridian lower vertical meridian fovea upper vertical meridian Measuring retinotopic maps Radial component Angular component Engel et al (1994)
5 Retinotopy: radial component 1 cm 1 cm Brewer, Wandell, & Logothetis Flattening the human brain act extr ace surf l a c i cort cu fl t an at te d n Cortical segmentation & flattening Jonas Larsson
6 Retinotopy: angular component dorsal V7 V3A/B V3d d LO1 LO2 lateral medial V1 v V3v V4 Larsson & Heeger (2006) ventral Visual cortical areas LO1 and LO2: Larsson & Heeger, J Neurosci (2006) IPS1 and IPS2: Schluppeck, Glimcher, & Heeger, J Neurophysiol (2005) Silver, Ress, & Heeger, J Neurophysiol (2005) IPS2 IPS1 V7 V3A/B IPS2 IPS1 V1 LO1 LO2 V3 V7 LO1 V3A/B LO2 V3 V4 V4 Functional specialization Match each cortical area to its corresponding function: V1 V3 V3A V3B V4 V5 V7 LO1 IPS1 IPS2 Etc. Motion Stereo Color Texture Segmentation, grouping Recognition Attention Working memory Mental imagery Decision-making Sensorimotor integration Etc.
7 Cortical area is specialized for visual motion perception Neurons in are selective for motion direction. Neural responses in are correlated with the perception of motion. Damage to or temporary inactivation causes deficits in visual motion perception. Electrical stimulation in causes changes in visual motion perception. Computational theory quantitatively explains both the responses of neurons and the perception of visual motion. Well-defined pathway of brain areas (cascade of neural computations) underlying motion specialization in. Neurons in are selective for motion direction Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983 responses correlated with motion perception Neuronal threshold (%) See signal detection theory lecture Britten, Shadlen, Newsome & Movshon (1992)
8 Damage to causes deficits in motion perception (Akinetopsia: motion blindness) Microstimulation in changes motion perception Salzman, Britten, Newsome (1990) Human
9 Beware of circular reasoning in brain mapping 1. Hypothesize that there is a particular visual/cognitive process that is localized to a functionally specialized brain area. 2. Design an experiment with two stimuli/tasks, one of which you believe imposes a greater demands on that cognitive process. 3. Run the experiment and find sure enough that there is a brain area that responds more strongly during trials with high demand on that visual/cognitive process then low demand trials. What can you conclude from this? Topography in human MST Huk, Dougherty, & Heeger (2002) Direction-selective adaptation in human Adapted Opposite Adapt Test Adapt Test fmri response amplitude (% BOLD signal) Response difference (opposite minus adapted) + ACH ARW DJH Subject Adaptation improves speed discrimination thresholds Subject ACH ARW DJH Adapted Opposite (% speed increment) Huk, Ress, & Heeger (2001)
10 Direction-selectivity across visual areas Motion adaptation index (adaptation response / baseline response) V1 V3 V4v V3A Visual area Huk, Ress, & Heeger (2001) Is specialized for only visual motion perception? Neurons in are also selective for binocular disparity. Neural responses in are also correlated with the perception of depth. Motion discrimination performance mostly recovers following carefully circumscribed lesions to in monkeys. Electrical stimulation in causes changes in stereo depth perception. Even so... computational theory quantitatively explains the responses of neurons.
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