TRAIT-Theories. Pär Löfstrand Mid-Sweden University

Transcription

1 TRAIT-Theories Pär Löfstrand Mid-Sweden University

2 First Suppose that you have 1000 persons and everyone is given the task to write down descriptions about their opinions about the other persons. The result would be a long list with TRAITS

3 Scientific As the trait theories became better known the Trait-theorists believed that there major task was to do the psychology more Scientific. The purpose of the personality characteristics (the Traits) is to help us in understanding how different people will react in different situations.

4 Allport ( ) Cardinal disposition - Sadistic, Machiavellic Central disposition Honest, kind - What at first purposed to still the hunger or anxiety can develop to motivation or satisfaction in itself - Secondary dispositions - - More of specific focused tendencies that are often situational in character and less crucial to the personality structure. Functional Autonomy It is not necessary to go back to the past to get the knowledge about how you are today. The motives are changing thru the years. Nomothetic Studying large groups of individuals to determine the frequency witch certain events occur and from this to infer common traits, general variables, or universal principles. Idiographic science Studied letters from Jenny (1965)

5 A Definition of Maturity There is a radical discontinuity between the neurotic and healthy personality. - EXTENSION OF THE SENSE OF SELF - WARM RELATING OF SELF TO OTHERS - EMOTIONAL SECURITY (Self-acceptance) - REALISTIC PERCEPTION, SKILLS, AND ASSIGNMENTS - SELF-OBJECTIFICATION (INSIGHT AND HUMOR) - UNIFYING PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

6 Litterature Pattern and Growth in Personality (1965) The Person in Psychology (1968) The Nature of Prejudice (1954)

7 Catell ( ) List of adjectives Kept 30 factors LOTS-data 16 personality factors (16PF)

8 Catell Bivariate Mutivariate Clinical Ability traits - intelligens, Temperament - Emotional, stable The traits are dynamic Factoranalysis

9 Methodology Bivariat - Scientific, - Controll - Experiment - Few variables - Simplicity * Multivariate - Scientific - Quantitative analasys - Many variables - Big patterns of interest *Clinical - Intuition - Many variables - Studies the phenomena - Behavior patterns of importance

10 Catells 16 PF Reserved-Outgoing Less intelligent-more intelligent Stable, ego strength-emotionality/neuroticism Humble-Assertive Sober-Happy-go-lucky Expedient-Conscientious Sht-Venturesome Tough-minded-tender-minded Trusting-Suspicious Practical-Imaginative Forthright-Shrewd Placid-Apprehensive Conservative-Experimenting Group-dependent-Self-sufficient Undisciplined-Controlled Relaxed-Tense Reserverad Utåtriktad Ointelligent-intelligent Emotionellt stabil- emotionellt instabil Anspråkslös- självsäker Sansad lycklig Opportunistisk- plikttrogen Blyg äventyrslysten Hårdhudad- mjuk Tillitsfull- misstänksam Praktisk- fantasifull Ej finurlig-finurlig Lugn-orolig Konservativ-Experimenterande Gruppberoende-självständig Odisciplinerad-kontrollerad Avslappnad- uppjagad

11 Questions Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends? - E Do ideas run through your head som that you cannot sleep? -N Are you inclined to keep in the background on social occasions? -E Do you sometimes laugh at a dirty joke? -L Are you inclined to be moody? - N Do you very much like good food? - E When you get annoyed, do you need someone friendly to talk about it? -N As a child did you always do as you were told immediatly and without grumbling? -L Do you usually keep yourself to yourself except with very close friends? - E Do you often make up your mind too late? -N

12 H.J Eysenk Many different kind of Traits Supertraits biosocial explanation The evolution played importance Worked in the psychiatry-care and thought that the connection between diagnostics and treatment lacked of validity

13 Eysenck Psychology is between social and natural science Psychological studies has to follow experimental methods.. Superfactors Personality is more or less stable in its connection to the environment.

14 Hierarkisk Traitmodell Tyoe level Extraversion Skriv titel här Sociability TRAIT lvl Habitual niv Impulsiveness Skriv titel här Activity Skriv titel här Liveliness Skriv titel här Excitability Habitual respons level Habitual respons level Habitual respons level Habitual respons level Habitual respons level Habitual respons level habitual respons level habitual respons level Specific response Specific response Specific response Specific response Specific response Specific respons level specifik respons level specifik respons level respons Eysenck, The biological Basis of Personality, 1967)

15 Eysencks (NEP) dimensions Extraversion - Introversion Identic with Jungs dimension Neurotism Emotional stability How stable are a person over time? Psychoticism The individuals lack of ability to hold fantasy and reality separated. Includes one part of psychpathy, impulive behavior and egocentrism.

16 Extravert-Introvert Introverts has more sucess in school Extraverts did more studies in the library Extraverts likes to converse with more people Extraverts likes mor aggressive humour Extraverts took more breaks. Extraverts coped better with high noise.. Extraverts are more sexual active (more partners) Extraverts has more suggestions

17 Psychoticism Psychotisicm Aggressive Antisocial Cold Creative Egocentric Impersonal Impulsive "Though-minded" Unempathetic Skriv titel här

18 Eysenck litteratur The biological Basis of Personality (1967) Psychology is about People (1972) Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality (1976) Crime and personality (1964)

19 Genes or environment? The environment plays an important role but the genes sets the limit 200 Begåvning 100 TWIN STUDIES Good environment Bad enrivonment

20 Goldberg One of the trait-theorists (Goldberg, 1981)) states that humans asks five fundamental questionst that we ask ourselves when we encounter a new person. 1. Is X active and dominant or passive and weak? (Will i master X or will x master me?) 2. Does X agree with me or is X disagreeing? (Is x warm are cold?) 3. Can count on and trust x? (Trustfull) 4. Is X, sane or insane?? (Stable, unreliable) Is X smart or stupid? (How hard will it be for me to teach X)

21 Neurotism Eysenck,, Catell Hippokrates fyra temperament Emotiionable Anxient angry Rigid aggressive pessimistic impulsiv reserved optimistisc Asocial ntroversion Quiete melankolisk Kolerisk active Extraversi Passive Thoughtfull Flegmatisk Sanguin Social extraverted talkable peacefull easygoing balanced lively calm uncared leader Emotional stability

22 Big Five (Five-factor modell) McRae & Costa With factoranalysis was five traits foundes as the most importent. OPENESS to new experiences, CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, EXTRAVERSION, AGREEABLENESS, NEUROTICISM

23 OPENESS to experience The high-scorer Lots of fantasy, Creative, quick minded, easy bored, not focused on details. 2. Likes to study. Doing well in school The low-scorer Practical, earthbounded, practical minded 2. Less interest of formal school, not succeding in school

24 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (ordentlighet) The high scorer Organized, hard-working, ambitous The low scorer Impulsive, don t like rules, can be creative

25 EXTRAVERSION (utåtriktning) The high scorer Social, active, talkable, optimistic, likes to lead The low scorer Reserved, quit, don t want to lead

26 AGREEABLENESS(sympatiskhet High scorer Forgiveable, helpfull, wants to be popular, tender Low scorer Cynic, hard, though-minded, high-self esteem

27 NEUROTICISM(anpassning) The high scorer Anxious, nervous, stressfull The low scorer Calm, relaxed, can be hard, sure

28 Traits are relative stable through time Personality is more stable over short then long timeperiods Personality is more stable among adults than children There are individual differences between people! What do we know? Elder people Lower scoreds neuroticism extraversion openess High score Agreeableness Conscientiousness In life People are basicly the same

29 Plus-Minus Actual science Hypotetical, very interesting Connection to Biology The method (faktoranalysis) What is realy a trait?? What is left outside?

30 Gender specifiks Men What are typical for females? What is that makes the women attractive? Which female traits would you like to transfer to the men? Women What are typical for males? What is it that makes males attractive? Which male traits would you like to transfer to women

31 Hogans A test with its base in the big five Hogans Personal Inventory (HPI) Syndrome - Creativity - Salesmen - Criminality - Leadership