Research Design Overview. Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course
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1 Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course
2 Today s Plan Lecture: The 5 basic types of research approaches in the social sciences Interactive exercise #1: Does watching too much TV kill you? Interactive exercise #2: Name that Method (time permitting)
3 Primary Sources Rosenthal, R. & Rosnow, R. L. (1991). Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis Research Methods: The Laboratory /login.html
4 5 Basic Approaches Experiments Everything Else Correlation Naturalistic Observation Survey Case Study
5 Experiments Description: Manipulating a variable to see if it changes a second variable Independent variable Dependent variable X Y
6 Experiments Strengths: Cause-and-effect relationships, IF: Statistical conclusion validity Construct validity Internal validity External validity
7 Experiments Limitations: Necessary trade-offs Truth accrues, error cancels out (attributed to Robert Rosenthal) Rigor Relevance
8 Experiments Limitations: Not always practical Not always ethical
9 5 Basic Approaches Experiments Everything Else Correlation Naturalistic Observation Survey Case Study
10 Correlation Description: No manipulation Designed to determine degree and direction of relationship between two variables X Y
11 Correlation Strength: No manipulation Useful for prediction
12 Correlation Limitations: Correlation cannot prove causation
13 5 Basic Approaches Experiments Everything Else Correlation Naturalistic Observation Survey Case Study
14 Naturalistic Observation Description: Careful observation and recording of some behavior or phenomenon Over a prolonged time In its natural setting Without interference
15 Naturalistic Observation Strengths: Observation of behavior as it occurs naturally Limited opportunity for experimenter effects Can yield hypotheses for future experimental investigation
16 Naturalistic Observation Limitations: Descriptive method, not explanatory Time intensive Difficulty of observing behavior without disrupting it Coding issues
17 5 Basic Approaches Experiments Everything Else Correlation Naturalistic Observation Survey Case Study
18 Survey Description: Descriptive study Inferences drawn from interviews or questionnaires Different types of questions Forced-choice Open-ended
19 Survey Strength: When constructs are difficult to observe directly Standardization Cost-effective Relatively quick
20 Survey Limitations: No cause-and-effect conclusions Reliance on self-reports Deception Poor memory Misunderstanding of question Lack of insight Predicting behavior?
21 5 Basic Approaches Experiments Everything Else Correlation Naturalistic Observation Survey Case Study
22 Case Study Description: In-depth descriptive record of an individual or small group of individuals Biographical data, medical records, family history, observations, interviews, psychological tests
23 Case Study Strengths: Provide detailed, contextual view If long term, helpful in understanding developmental issues Helpful in generating hypotheses for future testing
24 Case Study Limitations: Not explanatory; no cause-and-effect relationships Behavior can be observed but not explained Lack of generalizability Issues re: retrospective data
25 Take-home point #1 On choosing your own research method Don t be limited to just one approach Use combination of approaches to help correct for inherent weaknesses
26 Take-home point #2 On being an educated consumer of research Are conclusions warranted by the study design? Example
27
28
29 Interactive Exercise #1 How else could we have addressed this question? Naturalistic observation Survey Case study Experiment?
30 Interactive Exercise #2 Name that Method
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