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1 What are the Goals of Scientific Study? Unit 1 Scientific Study of Educational Psychology Prediction makes the theory Testable Describe Understand Predict Control That s just a theory. Give me the facts! Just the facts, Ma am! Theorizing THEORY A Theory is a useful statement, or orderly, integrated set of statements that allows one to describe, explain, and predict events or relationships between events.
2 Truth in Science Building FormalTheories Aristotle believed all heavenly bodies revolved around the earth. Basis of navigation! Copernicus theorized revolution around the sun. Einstein and relativity. Evidence Data Formal Theories Hypothesis Testing Research Issues that distinguish theories Goal directed/deterministic active/passive Free will vs. mechanistic Quantitative/qualitative Continuous vs. stages genes/environment Universality/Diversity constructive/principle Freud ID, SUPEREGO, EGO Psychoanalytic y Theory also called Psychodynamic stagelike qualitative constructive
3 Behavioral Learning Organismic/Adaption Theories B.F.Skinner deterministic passive Continuous quantitative environment principle Piaget Constructivist Note different use Goal directed active Stages qualitative constructive Stimulus Response Theory and the Scientific Method Theory Evaluate relative to other theory and research Multiple studies lead to conclusions Hypothesis Hypothesis Testing Research Multiple Working Hypotheses Research Methods Teacher practitioner Applying personal theories/beliefs Teacher Theorist Action research Sophisticated Consumer of Information
4 Descriptive Correlational Experimental Developmental Research Designs Multiple studies lead to conclusions Descriptive Research Data Collection methods Observational Methods Case Histories Survey y Data Self report Archival Data Clinical Interview Correlational Research Alternate hypothesis: Alternative explanations for a research finding; e.g., a relationship between s Interpreting Correlations Direction of causality a Plausible alternate hypothesis: Believable alternate t hypothesis b a b
5 Interpreting Correlations Interpreting Correlations Third alternate hypothesis Reciprocal Causation c a b a b Correlation Coefficients Correlation 100 Coefficients R= Describes the extent of the relationship between s A perfect correlation is 1 or -1 At or near zero means that s are unrelated Grade Farther from zero means a stronger correlation Days Days Present in class 40 45
6 100 Correlation Coefficients R= Correlation Coefficients r = Grade Grade Days absent Days Absent Attendance Days Present Correlation Coefficients 100 What is a good correlation? Grade 90 r =34 = Test Reliability Decision Making Main predictor of /event ibl/ One of many predictors of /event Link to estimator on web Days Present Attendance 40
7 Problems with Correlational Research Strength of Correlational Research Over inference of causality Shotgun Correlational Research Grand conclusions from small relationships Naturalistic setting Can study s you can t manipulate Theory building through strong inference Experiments Experiments Independent Variable: varied, controlled manipulated by the experimenter. Attempts to vary IV independently of other s Dependent Variable: Measured to determine if its value is dependent on the independent. Independent v. Dependent v. Teaching Method Independent Achievement Dependent Operational Definitions: The method Operational Definitions: The method by which a is translated into numbers in a research study
8 Operational Definitions of Aggression: Are the valid? Operational Definitions of Independent Variables: Are they valid? Independent ibl Aggression Dependent Fights in dorms Bus s Shock Machines Horn Honking Balloon popping TV violence Independent Aggression Dependent Extraneous s: Variables which h vary other than the I.V. and D.V. Are there extraneous s confounded with the I.V. that create alternate hypotheses? Feshback s study of TV violence & aggression Quasiexperimental Research Teaching method Learning Independent d Dependent 100 1:00 class: Use the experimental method 11:00 class: control What alternate hypotheses are created? How does randomization control extraneous s? Within subjects & Pretest-posttest t tt t designs Longitudinal history testing, instrumentation, carryover mortality
9 Time 1 Time Cross sequential (time lag) Generalizability External Validity: Naturalistic Experiments Representative sample: 70% of Psychology research with intro. Psychology students. Common Plausible Alternate Hypotheses Generalizability: Chance Statistical Significance p <.05 Common Plausible Alternate Hypotheses Generalizability: Chance Effect size Demand Characteristics i Placebo Experimenter Bias
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