Ms. Berdelle AP Psychology Unit 6 & 7 Exam: States of Consciousness & Learning

Transcription

1 Unit 6 & 7 Exam: States of Consciousness & Learning 1. A student participates in a month-long sleep study designed to examine free-running circadian rhythms. If all time cues are removed, the studentʼs total sleep-wake cycle is likely to a. average about 24 hours b. average about 12 hours c. average whatever it had averaged when the student began the study d. become even more dependent than usual on the studentʼs activity level e. become extremely variable Define Circadian Rhythm. Identify how the circadian rhythm is relevant to your own life. Give specific examples. 2. A central nervous system depressant that produces a false feeling of well-being and efficiency and results in slower reaction time to stimulation is a. cocaine b. marijuana c. dopamine d. alcohol e. nicotine 3. The psychological effects of alcohol are powerfully influenced by the userʼs a. expectations b. success in developing a social network c. agility d. intelligence quotient (IQ) e. brain dopamine level Explain the four subheadings under Alcohol on pg Give a brief explanation of the four major effects of alcohol on individuals. 4. Which of the following is characterized by a periodic appearance of sleep spindles? a. Stage 2 sleep b. Stage 3 sleep c. Stage 4 sleep d. REM sleep e. Night terrors 5. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following? a. a lack of genital arousal b. dreams c. tensed muscles d. considerable tossing and turning e. sleep apnea 6. Ben normally sleeps from 10pm to 7am. In which of the following time periods would he experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep? a. 10pm to 11pm b. 12am to 1am c. 1am to 2am d. 3am to 4am e. 6am to 7am

2 7. During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? a. sleep apnea b. narcolepsy c. insomnia d. night terrors e. the REM rebound effect 8. When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is a. an opiate b. an amphetamine c. a depressant d. a hallucinogen e. a stimulant 9. The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as a. discontinuance b. tolerance c. withdrawal d. forced independence e. transduction 10. In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? a. depressant b. narcotic c. psychoactive d. stimulant e. hallucinogen 11. Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity? a. cocaine b. caffeine c. benzedrine d. amphetamines e. barbiturates 12. REM sleep, generally an active state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics? a. slowed heart rate b. slowed respiration rate c. lowered blood pressure d. lowered muscle tone e. reduced eye movements

3 13. A two-year-old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and becomes frightened. The childʼs reaction is most likely an example of which of the following? a. stimulus discrimination b. second-order conditioning c. stimulus generalization d. sensory preconditioning e. spontaneous recovery Questions refer to the following definitions. Each definition can be used once, more than once, or not at all. a. Prototype matching to organize information into categories b. Maintaining information in memory through repetition c. Differential treatment, usually negative, based on group membership d. Recognizing an object as distinct from its surroundings e. Learning to respond differently to similar stimuli 14. Which of the following is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to perception? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e 15. Which of the following is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to classical conditioning? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e 16. Which of the following is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to social psychology? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e 17. A psychologist is attempting to get Wade, an 8-year-old autistic boy, to make eye contact when she speaks to him. She gives Wade a piece of candy every time he looks at her face. This treatment illustrates which of the following therapeutic approaches? a. cognitive b. biological c. psychodynamic d. humanistic e. behavioral

4 18. A monkey is conditioned to flinch at the sound of a bell that was previously paired with a puff of air to the monkeyʼs cheek. Which of the following explanations would be consistent with a cognitive interpretation of this conditioning? a. The animal cannot control its tendency to flinch because the response of flinching is simply a reflex to the bell. b. The strength of the flinch response is a function of the time interval between the onset of the bell and the air puff. c. The monkey interprets the bell as a signal that the air puff will follow. d. The bell is merely a substitute stimulus for the air puff. e. Monkeys are intelligent and know that they should flinch when they hear tones that are paired with stimuli that elicit reflexes. 19. John Garcia showed that when rats ingested a novel substance before becoming nauseated from radiation or drugs, they acquired a a. conditioned taste preference for the substance b. generalized taste preference for similar substances c. conditioned taste aversion for the substance d. conditioned taste aversion for any novel substance e. conditioned taste preference for any novel substance 20. After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. According to social-learning theorists, Sarahʼs behavior is an example of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus generalization d. discrimination training e. observational learning 21. Research indicates that many animals are more likely to associate sickness with a taste they experienced in conjunction with the illness than with a tone or light. This finding supports which of the following claims? a. The tone or light must not have been appropriately paired with the onset of illness. b. Illness is not necessarily punishing to subjects. c. Animals may be biologically prepared to learn some things over other things. d. Extrinsic reinforcers may be more effective than intrinsic reinforcers. e. Positive reinforcers are more effective than punishers. 22. Rats in an experiment learned to associate sweetened water with a drug that causes immune suppression. Later, the sweetened water alone produced the immune suppression. This outcome is an example of which of the following? a. learned helplessness b. systematic desensitization c. operant condition d. classical conditioning e. biofeedback 23. The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called a. acquisition b. generalization

5 c. extinction d. discrimination e. spontaneous recovery 24. A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting a. response learning b. discrimination learning c. insight learning d. extinction e. generalization 25. A child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums. Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control the childʼs behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. delayed reinforcement d. extinction e. stimulus substitution Define Extinction and create a scenario in which extinction could be a useful strategy to employ. (Extinction should be used in reference to operant conditioning here). 26. A person closes a window to shut out traffic noise. The reduction in noise leads the person to close the window every day. This is an example of a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. omission training e. an appetitive stimulus 27. Classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a. immediately follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) b. follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes c. immediately precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS) d. precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes e. is presented at the same time as the conditioned stimulus (CS) Create two examples of Classical Conditioning & break down and explain the components of each scenario (NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR). 28. A researcher gave identical puzzles to five-year-old children in two groups, group A and group B. The children in group A were promised candy if they completed the puzzles quickly and well. The children in group B were not promised a reward but were encouraged to do the best that they could. If the researcher argues that overjustification occurred, which of the following most likely happened during the experiment? a. Group A worked harder and better than group B. b. Both groups worked equally hard and well. c. Group B felt angry at not receiving the promise of a reward and therefore did not work at all. d. Group A did not work as hard or as well as group B and would be less likely to spontaneously work on similar puzzles in the future. e. Group B worked equally well as group A but would quickly argue that they would have done better if offered a reward. Define overjustification. Give an example of a time when the overjustification effect related to you or your own life. 29. Which classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning?

6 a. Ivan Pavlov...salivating dogs b. B.F. Skinner...key-pecking pigeons c. John Garcia...nauseous rats d. John Watson...Little Albert e. Albert Bandura...Bobo doll 30. Edward Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of a. reinforcement b. associations c. punishment d. effect e. outcomes 31. In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will a. no longer salivate when the bell is rung b. only salivate when the bell is rung c. salivate when the light is flashed d. stop salivating when the light is flashed e. salivate when the researcher comes into the room 32. Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning? a. a biologically-based unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) for learning to occur. b. any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful. c. Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species. d. Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival. e. Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers. How can classical conditioning be used to help a species survive? Explain and give an example from the real world. 33. A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze? a. shaping b. generalization c. negative reinforcement d. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement e. spontaneous recovery 34. Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her motherʼs repeated nagging. Elizabethʼs behavior is being influenced by a. classical conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. extinction

7 e. punishment 35. A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response e. a negative reinforcer 36. Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning? a. The startle response of a baby the first time the baby hears thunder b. A childʼs fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog c. The cry of pain expressed by a man whose hand has been cut on a piece of broken glass d. The uncontrollable blinking of a woman who has just gotten dust in her eye e. The salivation of a dog that is halfway through a bowl of its favorite food 37. The terms modeling and imitation are most closely associated with which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. gestalt theory c. hypothesis testing d. operant conditioning e. social learning theory 38. In Ivan Pavlovʼs experiments in classical conditioning, the dogʼs salivation was a. an unconditioned stimulus only b. an unconditioned response only c. a conditioned response only d. both an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus e. both an unconditioned and a conditioned response 39. Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule? a. continuous b. negative c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio e. fixed-interval 40. One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it a. did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings b. did not take into account overt physical behaviors c. did not take into account accumulated experiences d. focused primarily on childhood experiences e. focused primarily on the unconscious 41. Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the a. behavior is complex b. behavior was very recently acquired c. punishment is delivered soon after the behavior d. punishment is delivered by someone with authority e. punishment is both mental and physical

8 42. Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with a. electric shock b. extinguished associations c. sickness d. novel stimuli e. starvation 43. An individualʼs fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been a. satiated b. suppressed c. repressed d. extinguished e. punished 44. Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? a. shaping b. punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement e. omission training 45. Learned helplessness is most likely to result when a. responses have no effect on the environment b. young organisms fail to imprint at the critical period c. a response is reinforced independently d. reinforcement occurs on an intermittent schedule e. an organism receives negative reinforcement 46.In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an if A, then B relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent a. stimulus, response b. response, reinforcement c. stimulus, reinforcement d. response, stimulus e. stimulus, stimulus 47. After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of in operant conditioning. a. conditioned reinforcement b. spontaneous recovery c. latent learning d. generalization e. biological predispositions On pg. 235, Myers poses the question, Do cognitive processes and biological constraints affect operant conditioning? What do you think based on the evidence Myers provides?

9 48. What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer? a. Primary reinforcers are presented immediately after the behavior; conditioned reinforcers are presented after a delay. b. Primary reinforcers are introduced every time the behavior occurs; conditioned reinforcers are introduced only sometimes. c. Primary reinforcers lead to rapid learning of the behavior; conditioned reinforcers produce greater resistant to extinction. d. Primary reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; conditioned reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned. 49. Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects. a. spontaneous recovery; acquisition b. a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule c. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning e. insight learning; latent learning 50. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by a. biological predispositions. b. external influences. c. emotions. d. unconscious motives. e. conscious thoughts. In the question above, explain why options a & c-e do not correspond with the way B.F. Skinner thought about operant conditioning. Essentially- take me through the process of elimination. Free Response Question #1: Learning Many people are concerned about the effects of the use of physical punishment to modify the undesirable behavior of children. (8 points) A. Basing your answer on physiological knowledge, apply each of the following in an argument against the use of physical punishment. For each of the concepts below, make sure to both define and apply them to the scenario. " - Modeling " - Classical conditioning of fear B. How would psychologists use the following processes to modify childrenʼs undesirable behavior? Remember to both define and apply the concepts below to the scenario. " - Positive reinforcement - Extinction Free Response Question #2: States of Consciousness Professor Dement believes that different states of consciousness are each associated with increased levels of activity in specific, different parts of the brain. Develop at least one possible hypothesis Professor Dement might want to study to test this belief and design an experiment to test the hypothesis. Use the following terms correctly in your response.

10 Independent variable Dependent variable Operational definition Psychoactive drugs REM sleep Hypnosis