References. Note: Image credits are in the slide notes

Transcription

1 References Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Tomkins, S. S. (1970) Affect as the primary motivational system. In M. B. Arnold (ed.), Feelings and s (pp ). New York: Academic Press. Note: Image credits are in the slide notes 37

2 Socio-cultural aspects of 1. Mimicry 2. Feedback 3. Contagion 4. Emotional socialisation 5. Managing s Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 34 Robots that show David Hanson Video (4 mins 58 secs): 35 Upcoming lectures Individual differences Personality (Ch13) Unconscious motivation (Ch 14) Growth psychology (Ch 15) Summary & conclusion (Ch 16) 36

3 Social & cultural aspects of Appraisal contributes to a cognitive understanding of The socio-cultual context one lives in contributes to a cultural u/standing of Social interaction contributes to a social understanding of Based on Reeve (2009, p. 357) 31 Social & cultural aspects of Emotion knowledge Expression management Emotion management Other people and cultures in general instruct us about the causes of our s How we should express out s When to control our s Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 33

4 Emotion knowledge 1. We learn to distinguish finer shades of as we develop (distinctions are stored cognitively). 2. An individual's knowledge is the number of s s/he can distinguish. 3. Emotion knowledge partially underlies the rationale for teaching al intelligence. Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 28 Attributions 1. An attribution is the reason the persons uses to explain an important life outcome. 2. Primary attribution good or bad 3. Secondary attribution cause 4. Primary + secondary attributions Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 29 Attribution theory of The attribution roots to the seven s. Based on Figure Reeve (2009, p. 356)

5 Appraisal theory of Complex appraisal theories are about 65-70% accurate in predicting people's s. Why not 100%? 1. Other processes contribute e.g., biology 2. Appraisals intensify rather than cause 3. Patterns of appraisal for many s overlap 4. Developmental differences 5. Emotion knowledge and attributions 27

6 Cognitive aspects of The central construct in a cognitive understanding of An appraisal is an estimate of the personal significance of an event. Without an antecedent cognitive appraisal of the event, s do not occur. The appraisal, not the event itself, causes the. Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 22 Appraisal theory of 3 questions 1. How does the perception of an object or event produce a good or bad appraisal? 2. How does the appraisal generate? 3. How does felt express itself in action? SITUATION APPRAISAL EMOTIONS ACTION Life event Good or Bad (beneficial vs. harmful) Liking vs. Disliking Approach vs. Withdrawal Arnold s Appraisal Theory of Emotion Based on Reeve (2009, Figure 12.7, p. 345) 23 Figure Lazarus s complex appraisals The cognitive processes that intervene between important life events and physiological and behavioral reactivity. SITUATION Life event Based on Reeve (2009, p. 347) Appraisal * Type of benefit Making progress toward a goal Happiness Taking credit for an achievement Pride Improving on a distressing condition Pride Believing a desired outcome is possible Hope Desiring or participating in affection Love Being moved by another s suffering Compassion Appreciating an altruistic gift Gratitude Type of harm Being demeaned by a personal offense Transgressing a moral imperative Failing to live up to an ego ideal Experiencing an irrevocable loss Taking in an indigestible object or idea Type of threat Facing an uncertain, unspecific threat Facing immediate, overwhelming danger Wanting what someone else has Resenting a rival for one s own loss Emotion Anger Guilt Shame Sadness Disgust Anxiety Fright Envy Jealousy 24

7 Facial feedback hypothesis 1. Strong version of FFH is that facial feedback engenders most studies suggest a small effect. 2. Weak version of FFH is that facial feedback modifies intensity of : highlights the two-way relation between al feeling and al expression. 3. Critics contend that the effect of facial feedback is small. Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 21

8 Differential s theory 1. Ten s constitute the principal motivation system for human beings. 2. Unique feeling: Each has its own unique subjective, phenomenological quality. 3. Unique expression: Each has its own unique facial-expressive pattern. 4. Unique neural activity: Each has its own specific rate of neural firing that activates it. 5. Unique purpose/motivation: Each generates distinctive motivational properties & serves adaptive functions. Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 16 Izard s 10 fundamental s (Differential s theory) Positive s Neutral s Negative s Interest Joy Based on Reeve (2009, Table 12.2 p. 336) Surprise Fear Anger Disgust Distress Contempt Shame Guilt 17 Ekman's 7 reasons why biological theories focus on a small number of basic s 1. Non-basic s are experience-based 2. Many terms better describe: a) Moods (e.g., irritation) b) Attitudes (e.g., hatred) c) Personality (e.g., hostile) d) Disorders (e.g., depression). 3. Some terms are blends of s (e.g., love). 4. Many terms refer to specific aspects of an (e.g., homesickness) Based on Reeve (2009, p. 336) 18

9 James-Lange theory of : Contemporary perspective 1. Distinct physiological differences (e.g., heart rate and skin temperature) are evident for some s (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, and disgust). But only a few s have distinct ANS patterns (ones with survival value). 2. Emotions recruit biological and physiological support to enable adaptive behaviours such as fighting, fleeing, and nurturing. 13 Specific neural circuits 1. Emotion-specific patterns in brain activity. 2. Gray: Behavioural approach, Fightflight system, and Behavioural inhibition ( Joy, Fear, Rage and Anxiety) 3. Neural activation: Different s activated by different rates of cortical neural firing: activity increases, stays the same, or decreases. Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 14

10 James-Lange theory of 1. Does each have unique bodily reactions? 2. To what extent do bodily changes induce? Stimulus Emotion Bodily reaction or Stimulus Bodily reaction Emotion Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 10 James-Lange theory of : Two hypotheses 1. The body reacts uniquely to different -stimulating events. 2. The body does not react to non-stimulating events. Emotional experience is a way of making sense of bodily changes sudden cold shower increased heart-rate/arousal (e.g., surprise/shock/fear) 11 James-Lange theory of : Criticisms 1. Bodily reactions are part of a general fight-flight response that does not vary between s. 2. Emotions are experienced more quickly than physiological reactions. 3. Physiological arousal augments, rather than causes,. Its role is small, supplemental and relatively unimportant. 12

11 What good are the s? Utility of Coping functions Social functions Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) 7 What is the difference between & mood? Criteria Emotions Moods Antecedents Significant life events Ill-defined Action- Specificity Specific Influence cognition Time course Short-lived Long-lived Based on Reeve (2009, p. 322) 8 Outline Aspects of Biological Cognitive Socialcultural Autonomic nervous system Endocrine system Neural brain circuits Rate of neural firing James-Lange theory Contemporary perspective Differential s theory Facial feedback hypothesis Appraisals Emotion knowledge Attributions Socialisation history Cultural identities Emotional socialisation history Cultural identities Based on Reeve (2009, p. 329 and Figure 12.1 (p. 330)) 9

12 What is an? Feelings Subjective experience Phenomenological awareness Cognition Bodily arousal Physiological activation Bodily preparation for action Motor responses Emotion Sense of purpose Goal-directed motivational state Functional aspect Significant life event Social-expressive Social communication Facial expression Vocal expression Based on Reeve (2009, Figure 11.1 Four components of, p. 300) 4 What causes an? Significant situational event Cognitive processes Biological processes Feelings Sense of purpose Bodily arousal Social-expressive Based on Reeve (2009, Figure 11.3, Causes of the experience, p. 303) 5 How many s are there? Basic s (Families/clusters of s) Basic s Fear Anger Disgust Sadness Joy Interest Negative themes Response to threat and harm Potential of threatening and harmful events causes fear. In fighting off or rejecting them we experience anger and disgust. After they occur, there is sadness Based on Reeve (2009, pp ) Positive themes Motive involvement (Interest) Satisfaction (Joy) 6

13 Motivation & Emotion Aspects of Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2013 Image source 1 Aspects of (Emotion Part 2): Biological, cognitive & socio-cultural aspects Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 12 (pp ) 2 Review of previous lecture: Five perennial questions about 1. What is an? 2. What causes an? 3. How many s are there? 4. What good are the s? 5. What is the difference between & mood? 3