Scientists have identified subtle differences in the brain circuits and hormones associated with different emotions. 2

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2 Scientists have identified subtle differences in the brain circuits and hormones associated with different emotions. 2

3 The polygraph has proved to be extremely effective in detecting lies. 3

4 Some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking. 4

5 Introverts are superior to extraverts at reading others emotions. 5

6 Facial expressions associated with emotions such as happiness and fear are the same the world over. 6

7 Imitating others facial expressions helps us feel what they are feeling. 7

8 We seem to be biologically prepared to learn some fears more quickly than others. 8

9 Occasionally blowing off steam seems to reduce anger and aggression in the long run. 9

10 State lottery winners report little change in their general life happiness. 10

11 Researchers have found that people with a higher level of education tend to be happier. 11

12 Emotions are our body s adaptive response Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation (heart pounding) 2) expressive behaviors (quickened pace) 3) conscious experience (thoughts and feelings) 12

13 First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity When you become sad, you start to cry Lash out because we are angry Tremble because we are afraid 13

14 William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience First comes a distinct physiological response, then (as we observe that response) comes our experienced emotion 14

15 Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory They proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously The emotion triggering stimulus is routed in the brain s cortex, causing subjective awareness of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the body s arousal Physiological change (heart rate, breathing) Cognitive awareness 15

16 Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed a theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions Emotions have two factors physical arousal and cognitive label Presumed our experience of emotion grows from our awareness of the body s arousal and the emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of the 16 arousal

17 Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal Arousal + Cognitive label Emotion

18 Fig Theories of emotion.

19 Christine is holding her 8-month old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging in her chest and she s broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon- Bard, and Two-factor theories explain Christine s emotion reaction? 19

20 Opponent process theory suggests that any given emotion also has an opposed emotion (Fear/Relief or Sadness/Happiness) Activation of one member of the pair automatically suppresses the opposite emotion But the opposing emotion can serve to diminish the intensity of the initial emotion For example: If you are frightened by a mean dog, the emotion of fear is expressed and relief is suppressed. If the fear-causing stimulus continues to be present, after a while the fear decreases and the relief intensifies.

21 Strong Strong Neutral Neutral Strong First experience Strong After repeated experiences (a) (b)

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23 Approach-approach conflict when we have 2 desirable things to choose from. Both Beyonce and Tyra Banks want to date you.

24 Both options have their benefits and drawbacks. Example, telling your wife that her hair looks bad. The good is she ll fix it. The bad is she might be mad at you for a few hours.

25 You must choose between 2 equally unattractive options

26 During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us 26

27 Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions 27

28 What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking? 28

29 An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event Arousal from a game 7 Stanley Cup loss can fuel anger, which may 29 lead to rioting

30 Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions 30

31 People s expressive behavior reveals their emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice 31

32 Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication We can usually detect anger in another language We read anger and fear in the eyes and happiness in the mouth In a crowd of faces a single angry face will pop out faster than a single happy face 32

33 Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men 33

34 Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time Which of Paul Ekman s smiles is genuine? 34

35 Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

36 Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control --> Lie Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question (a) Control question Relevant question (b)

37 Percentage Innocents 50 Theives 1/3 of innocent declared guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984) Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

38 If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch 38 causes the brow to furrow

39 Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions -joy -interest/excitement -surprise -sadness -anger -disgust -contempt -fear -shame -guilt Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt 39

40 People generally divide emotions into two dimensions Positive valence Low arousal pleasant relaxation sadness joy fear anger High arousal Negative valence 40

41 Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and preoccupy our thinking However, fear can be adaptive it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from injury and harm We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation 41

42 Anger can be caused by a few things: 1.People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. 2.People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains. Anger can harm us as chronic hostility can lead to heart disease 42

43 Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or catharsis Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious Often times, Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming 43

44 Describes our response to a stressful event. Discovered that the body s adaptive response to stress was so general-like a single burglar alarm that sounds no matter what intrudes Three stages 1. Alarm Reaction: sudden activation of SNS (heart rate zooms, blood flowing, a little shock) 2. Resistance: temperature and blood pressure are high, sudden outpour of hormones, it may deplete body of reserves if persistent 3. Exhaustion: more vulnerable to illness, in extreme cases death

45 People who are happy perceive the world as being safer They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives 45

46 When we feel happy we are more willing to help others 46

47 Sternberg s Triangular Theory of Love: Love is made up of intimacy, passion, and commitment Intimacy: Affection, sharing, support, and communication in a relationship Passion: High levels of physical arousal in a relationship, especially sexual Commitment: Decision to love and stay with another person Infatuation: Passion without commitment or intimacy Fig Sternberg s triangular theory of love.

48 Companionate Love: Intimacy and commitment without passion Empty Love: Commitment without intimacy or passion Consummate Love: Passion, intimacy, and commitment Liking: Intimacy without passion or commitment Romantic Love: Intimacy plus passion Fatuous Love: Passion with commitment, but lacking intimacy Infatuation: Passion without commitment or intimacy 48